16. Chapter 17 and 18 outline notes

The Cold War Origins of the Cold War

1945- A Critical Year  US and Soviet Union were Allies as a temporary arrangement during WWII.  US did not recognize the legal existence of Soviet government until 1933  At the Yalta Conference- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss the arrangments of Germany and Poland. Soviet gained East Germany while US, France, and British gained West Germany  Churchill and FRD rejected Stalin’s demand that Germany pay 10 billion in war damages  Disputes over Poland caused stress on US and Soviet relations

The United Nations  The United Nations was a new international peacekeeping organization.  League of Nations failed because the United States refused to join  UN stated they were going to try and stop wars from starting, end the ones that broke out, and settle differences peacefully  Members included; US, SU, GB, China, and France

Truman takes Command  FDR passed away in April 1945, VP Harry Truman took over as president  Truman met with Stalin at the Potsdam ConferenceStalin insisted on German war payments and Truman insisted on Polish elections. Truman also mentioned the new Atom Bomb that had just been tested in New Mexico, which installed fear in Stalin.

Postwar Goals  US fought to bring democracy and economic opportunity to the conquered nations of Europe  Soviet Union wanted to rebuild after loosing a tremendous amount of people.  Satellite Nations- countries subject to Soviet domination on their borders.

Soviets Tighten Hold  Soviets took over Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany.  Stalin installed communist governments in all nations while he slowly took power.

IRON CURTAIN Winston Churchill gave an “Iron Curtain” Speech. An Iron Curtain laid across the continent dividing communism from capitalism and if nothing was done communism would take over all of Europe. American was called on to help Stalin’s speech and Churchill’s speech set tone for the COLD WAR

COLD WAR Cold War- competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union for world power. Lasted for over fifty years until1991 the collapse of the Soviet Union. Rivalry stopped just short of a hot war between the two nations.

Containment American policy for resisting further expansion of communism around the world (George Keenan, American Diplomat)

The Truman Doctrine  A declaration by president Truman that the United States would support nations that were being threatened by communism.  The Truman doctrine is a policy of containment which gave the US power and dominance

Chapter 26 The Cold War Section 2 The Cold War Abroad and at Home

Marshall Plan  Secretary of state George Marshall created this plan which called for all European nations to draw up a program of economic recovery from the war and the US would then support the program with financial aid.  The plan would help European economic recovery and create strong democracies while opening new markets for American goods.  Soviet Union refused to participate  Marshall Plan was the turning point in the war!!!  Marshall Plan – European Recovery Program

Berlin Airlift  Stalin was not going to allow the reunification of West Germany, so western allies prepared to merge  Soviets created East Germany  West=capitalists East= Communist  Stalin cut off supplies which created severe shortages on food and supplies for 2.5 million people  Berlin Airlift- Truman moved supplies into West Berlin for 15 months by plane and soviets finally gave up blockade

NATO  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)association of the democratic peace-loving states and “an armed attack against one or more of the nations, shall be considered an attack against them all.  Canadnadian Foreign Minister St. Louis St. Laurent  Countries include; United States, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal!

NATO continued…  Collective securityprincipal of mutual military assistance  Soviet Union responded to NATO and created the Warsaw Pact- a military alliance with satellite nations in Eastern Europe!

Communist Advances  Truman announced that “we have evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the USSR.”  This was scary for the American people they could not imagine the thought of Hiroshima or Nagasaki on American soil.  Americans started to make advances in nuclear weapons (hydrogen bomb) which was many times more destructible than the atomic bomb!  1952 hydrogen bomb tested and declared US the worlds leading nuclear power!  People were planning how to survive a nuclear attack! (bomb shelters)

The struggle in China  China fell to communism under leadership of Mao Zedong  Jiang Jieshi- Leader of Chinese government  Mao Zedong- Communist leader in china trying to overthrow the government  1949- US did not aid and China’s capital, Beijing, fell to communist.  Jiang and followers withdrew to a small island of China’s mainland, Taiwan and continued practicing democracy as the Republic of China.

The Cold War at Home  A new Red Scare- many people had joined the communist party but with increasing distrust in Stalin many people quit!  People who had been remotely involved in a communist party were swept up in the wave of persecution  Loyalty Program- Truman headed this program so that all employees hired by the federal government were to be investigated with suspicion of overthrowing the government

HUAC  HUAC- investigate disloyalty of Communist infiltration of government agencies and the Hollywood movie industry b/c movies had strong influence of the public  Hollywood ten- actors, writers, directors, and producers cited for contempt of congress and were blacklisted where other employers would not hire them.

McCarran-Walter Act  Congress passed 1952 McCarran-Walter Actwhich discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia, Southern and central Europe.  The President vetoed the bill- stated “one of the most Un- American acts he had ever witnessed

Spies!  A real communist threat in the United States  Hiss- high ranking government official convicted of perjury for lying in slander case.  Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (married couple) and members of the communist party were accused of passing atomic secrets to the soviets! They were convicted of espionage and executed in 1953.

Chapter 26 The Cold War Section 3 The Cold War Expands

Korean War  South Korea- had a proAmerican government formed (US occupied)  North Korea- had a Communist regime (USSR occupied)  In June 1950 the Korean War broke out when North Korean troops streamed across the 38th parallel- latitude line dividing the two nations  North Korea was aiming at unification by force

Douglas MacArthur  Anti-communist general chosen to lead UN forces in Korea by Truman  MacArthur helped establish Japan’s new democratic constitution  Successful in implementing democracy in South Korea  Disliked by politicians but loved by the public and military!

The Cold War 1950’s  1953 Truman became president succeeding Eisenhower  Eisenhower had kept his promise to bring the Korean War to an end and the sudden death of Stalin helped the war come to an end in March of 1953.  In Southeast Asia a conflict developed in Vietnam (French Colony in SouthEast Asia that had fallen to Japan during WWII)  Ho Chi Minh, head of Vietnamese Communist Party declared Vietnam’s Independence after Japan fell in 1945.  France rejected Vietnam’s independence and an ugly war began to unfold

Domino theory Domino Theory is a belief by Eisenhower which held that if any one country fell to communists, its neighbors soon would follow (like a row of dominos). By 1954 US was providing aid to help with the war!

Vietnam Divided Just like Korea, Vietnam was divided into communist North and Anti Communist south. The US provided aid to South Vietnam but resisted any greater involvement

The Middle East 1930’s anti-Semitism in Germany and Eastern Europe forced Jews to seek saftey in Palestine. Arab and Jewish conflict turned to the United nations for the creation for a Jewish state called Palestine (1948).

The Middle East Continued  The Suez crisis- Egypt ruler, Nasser, sought soviet support, US and Britain cut off their aid.  Nasser seized the British owned Suez canal, a vital waterway for oil to reach Europe  Eisenhower Doctrine- the US would use force to safeguard the independence of any country or group of countries in the Middle East requesting aid against Communist-inspired aggression

Latin America  US exercised power in Central and Latin America  After WWII US feared spread of Communism to Latin American Countries  Rio Pact-regional defense alliance between 18 countries in Latin America  OAS- Organization of American States which increased cooperation with states in the Western Hemisphere  Crisis began with Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban Dictator in 1958. US did not support Castro because his movement was infiltrated by Communism  Castro seized Cuba (American property), US cut off all aid and supplies, and Castro turned to the Soviet Union for aid.

The Arms Race  Arms Race- The struggle to gain weapon superiority  Whenever one side would seem to be gaining the upper hand in the cold war the other would respond with new programs and policies  The growth of Nuclear Arsenals was increasing in US and Soviet Union.  1953 US exploded their first thermonuclear device and at the same time the Soviet Union successfully tested a hydrogen device of its own.  Between 1954 and 1958 US conducted 19 hydrogen bomb tests at Bikini Island in the Pacific  This explosion was 750 times more explosive than the atomic bomb

Brinkmanship  Brinkmanship- is the policy of risking war to protect the nations interests (Russian roulette with the life of our nation)  US used the Air Force to carry these bombs to be testes  Soviet Union used ICBM’s (Intercontinental Ballistic missiles)- long range rockets as their delivery system  US lagged behind soviet Union in Missle development

Sputnik  First artificial satellite to orbit Earth launched by the Soviets.  This scared American!  US tried to launch and came tumbling down U-2 incident- shooting down of American Spy plane by the soviet’s with a guided missile!