20IndustrialandTransportationRevolution

May 11, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, European History, Europe (1815-1915), Industrial Revolution
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The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution

1. • • •

Population growth 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861 13 states to 33 states by 1861 Expansion of cities

2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s • Why? Potato famine and European problem • Irish • German 48er’s • Hated by “Nativists” 3. Transformation of American Industry • Industrial Revolution – why? • American System • Sectionalism • Industrial pioneers

City growth

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850

The March of the Millions  High birthrate accounted for population growth  Population doubling every 25 years

 Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came  Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared

Sources of Immigration, 1820-40

Sources of Immigration, 1840-60

Settlements of Immigrants •Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston •Germans would settle in Midwest

 A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production  Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. Beginning of US Factory System

 US slow to embrace factory system Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories

american

Henry Clay, US John C. Calhoun, Congressmen from Senator from South Kentucky Carolina

system

Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US. •Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. •1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation •1860, the railroad is added

Provide economic growth •Americans buying American goods •American self-sufficiency. •Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow) •2nd Bank of the United States 3 Sections working together to build the country

NORTHEAST •Business and Economy Manufacturing Leader •Daniel Webster ____________ __________ •Wanted Tariffs Role of Government •Backed internal improvements •Wanted end to cheap public land •Increasingly nationalistic •Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.

SOUTH Economy •Cotton growing •John C. Leader Calhoun __________ _____________ •Opposed tariffs Role of Government and government spending on American System •Increasingly supportive of states’ rights •Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

WEST •Frontier Economy agriculture Leader •Henry Clay __________ _____________ •Supported Role of internal Government improvements •Wanted cheap land •Loyal to the U.S. Govt. •Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue

 Population shift because of westward expansion the West demanded transportation. The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash

 Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow  Navigable rivers and the steamboat the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

Erie Canal System

Principal Canals in 1840

Highways  Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable  The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 Connected Maryland to Illinois. Built by US government

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. •Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

The Railroad Revolution,1850s  1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy  Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California. Completed by 1869.

Pioneer Railroad Promoters  1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.  1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy  Competition between Railroads and Canals  Obstacles opposition from canal backers danger of fire poor brakes difference in track gauge meant changing trains

Map rr

Effects of the Transportation Revolution  1860-61, Pony Express connected EastWest  Telegraph instantly sent messages across US  Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy  People moved faster and country expanded Unifying spirit among fellow country men A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west

Trails

•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Samuel Slater was •Born in England on June 9, 1768 the "Father of the and worked in British factories. American Factory •Slater came to US to make his System." fortune in the textile industry. •Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day

Early Textile Loom

The Lowell Mills  Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories

 Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

The Lowell System Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832

   

Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday

Women & the Economy  1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage

 “Cult of domesticity” Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker

 Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size

Workers & Wage Slaves  With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed  Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.

Labor unions illegal  1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

Workers & Wage Slaves  1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions

 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership

 Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

Resourcefulness & Experimentation  Americans were willing to try anything.  They were first copiers, then innovators.

1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “





The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.

•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.

•He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles. •Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution. Cotton Production

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine  Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking

 Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”

 New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first

commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel. The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.

John Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

Samuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

Perfected by Singer Gave boost to northern industry Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry Led many women into factories

From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)

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