ACS PowerPoint Template - American Chemical Society

American Chemical Society

NCW 2014 The Sweet Side of Chemistry!

Candy Your Name Your Affiliation Location or type of presentation Date of presentation

What is candy? and

What does it have to do with chemistry?

Candy: a confection made with sugar (or other sweeteners) and often flavorings and fillings.

sucrose

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Chemistry: The study of the properties of matter and the changes that can occur in matter.

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The Physical Properties of Candy Making

Molecular Structure

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Melting point

Flavor characteristics

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Types of Molecular Structure in Candy Crystalline Solid: example-chocolate (crystalline cocoa butter) Amorphous Solid: example-hard candy (sucrose solution)

Soft Polymeric Solid: example-Gummy Bears or Jello (gelatin gel) American Chemical Society

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What’s the difference between eating hard candy and eating glass?

vs.

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The Importance of Temperature Name

Temperature

Description

Candy Type

Thread

223-235 °F

Syrup drips from a spoon

Candied fruit

Soft Ball

235-245 °F

Ball in cold water, flattens when removed

fudge

Firm Ball

245-250 °F

Stable ball, loses shape when pressed

Light caramel candy

Hard Ball

250-266 °F

Holds balls shape, sticky

marshmallows

Soft Crack

270-290 °F

Firm, flexible threads

Taffy

Hard Crack

300-310 °F

Cracks under pressure

Lollipops

Caramel

320-350 °F

Golden colored sugar syrup

pralines

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The Chemical Properties of Candy •

Flammability

•

Caramelization

•

Color change

•

Gas production

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Sugar Free Candy

Sugar Alcohols, such as isomalt

High-intensity Sweeteners such as sucralose.

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History Ancient candy was based on Honey

Sugar cane agriculture started in India in 6th century BCE

Candy only became widely available after the Industrial Revolution (1830s)

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Culture $2,500

$2,000

in millions

$1,500

$1,000

$500

$0 Valentine's Day American Chemical Society

Easter

Halloween

Christmas

Source: U.S. Department of commerce

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Economics Per Capita Retail Candy Sales

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Source: US Department of Commerce 311D Confectionery Report

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Health and Fitness Positive Effects •

Peppermint and mint candies can soothe upset stomachs

•

Dark chocolate can help reduce risk of heart disease

•

Mint-flavored gum can increase short-term memory

•

One study suggested candy consumers lived longer than non-consumers

Negative Effects •

Cavities

•

Obesity

•

Choking

•

Diabetes

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References:

 Celebrating Chemistry, NCW 2014 edition: "The Sweet Side of Chemistry—Candy”, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C.  National Confectioners Association, http://www.candyusa.com/, Washington, DC 20007  The Science of Cooking, Candy, Exploratorium, Pier 15, San Francisco CA 94111, https://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html

 McGee, Harold, On Food and Cooking, Simon and Schuster, 2004