Analysis of USA Swimming`s All-Time Top 100 Times
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Long-Term Training in Swimming
Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D., Senior Physiologist Global Sport Technology, Inc, www.globsport.org
Top-100 Study The purpose of this study was to investigate the performances of elite level swimmers based on the USA Swimming’s All-Time Top 100 times.
May early high-level performances limit a swimmer’s progression later in his/her career?
Methods Analysis of USA Swimming’s All-Time Top 100 age group times by girls and boys. Five age groups: 10-under, 11-12, 13-14, 15-16, and 17-18. Swimming events: 100, 200, and 500 freestyle; 100 and 200 backstroke; 100 and 200 breaststroke; 100 and 200 butterfly; and the 200 individual medley. Calculating the percent of participation.
Participation at USA All-Time Top 100 in All Events at Age 17-18 (Females) Top 100
10.3%
Age 10 & under Top 100
20.3%
Top 100
Age 11-12 Top 100
36.9%
Age 13-14
49.7% Top 100 Age 15-16
Age 17-18
Participation for USA All-Time Top 100 in 100 Freestyle at Age 17-18 (Males) Top 100
13.2%
Age 10 & under Top 100
12.6%
Top 100
Age 11-12 Top 100
31.1%
Age 13-14
53.5% Top 100 Age 15-16
Age 17-18
Freestyle Events for Girls
Backstroke and Breaststroke Events for Girls
Age 15-16 vs 17-18 There is still a low number of elite swimmers at age 15-16 for girls and boys. About half of the elite swimmers in the Top 100 at age 17-18 were new swimmers who were never ranked in the Top 100 at any age.
This statistics shows that most of the future elite swimmers swim under Top 100 times until age 15-16.
Females vs Males There is a small difference between elite female and male freestyle swimmers at age 11-12 and 13-14, where it appears that higher numbers of female freestylers were ranked in the Top 100. Higher numbers for females may be related to earlier biological maturation in girls.
Selection of Main Event by Females 51.6% of elite female swimmers are listed in other events at age 10 and under. This number decreases with age and reaches 37.9%, 26.6% and 24.9% at age 11-12, 13-14 and 15-16, respectively.
Most of elite female swimmers select their event at age 13-14.
Selection of Main Event by Males 69.6% of elite male swimmers are listed in other events at age 10 and under. This number decreases with age and reaches 55.6%, 40.8% and 26.7% at age 11-12, 13-14 and 15-16, respectively. The elite male swimmers select their events at age 15-16 or about 2 years later than elite female swimmers.
Conclusion 1
A small number of elite swimmers from the Top 100 at age 17-18 were ranked in the Top 100 at a younger age. Typically, a little over 10 % were ranked as a 10-under, less than 20% as a 11-12 year old, a little over 30% as a 13-14 year old, and about 50% as a 15-16 year old.
Conclusion 2
The analysis shows that most of elite level swimmers were unknown at young ages. About a half of elite swimmers at Top 100 at age 17-18 are new swimmers, which never were listed at Top 100 at any age. Most of future elite swimmers swim slower than age group champions, especially at ages until 15-16 years.
Conclusion 3
Many participants ranked in the Top 100 as age groupers are not present in the Top 100 as they become an elite swimmer in the 1718 age group. It may be related to their early biological maturation and/or a high training volume and intensities at a young age.
Conclusion 4
Elite level swimmers change their events during long-term training. Elite female swimmers tend to change their events until the age of 13-14. Elite male swimmers tend to change their events until the age of 1516.
What is the Goal in Career Training? Best performance: - 10 & under? - 11-12? - 13-14? - 15-16? - 17-18? - at the age of peak performance potential! 16
Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Freestyle) Event
Men (years)
Women (years)
50 FR
24.8 ± 2.7
25.3 ± 7.0
100 FR
25.3 ± 3.7
24.6 ± 6.7
200 FR
22.6 ± 2.1
20.8 ± 2.4
400 FR
22.1 ± 2.4
20.0 ± 2.1
1500/800 FR
21.3 ± 2.0
20.1 ± 2.6
17
Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Backstroke & Breaststroke) Event
Men (years)
Women (years)
100 BK
23.9 ± 1.7
21.9 ± 3.6
200 BK
23.1 ± 2.2
20.8 ± 3.7
100 BR
25.4 ± 2.5
21.3 ± 3.9
200 BR
23.6 ± 2.6
21.5 ± 3.3
BACKSTROKE
BREASTSTROKE
18
Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Butterfly & IM) Event
Men (years)
Women (years)
100 FL
24.8 ± 3.0
25.1 ± 4.4
200 FL
23.5 ± 1.6
22.4 ± 4.6
200 IM
23.2 ± 1.1
20.5 ± 2.9
400 IM
22.9 ± 2.3
19.6 ± 2.7
FLY
IM
19
Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Male, Free) 26.0
25.0
50 FR 100 FR
24.0
200 FR 23.0
400 FR
1500 FR
22.0
21.0
20.0 2000
2005
2008
Average Age of Ten Best Swimmers in History (Female, Free) 27.0
25.0
50 FR 100 FR
23.0
200 FR 21.0
400 FR 800 FR
19.0
17.0
15.0 2000
2005
2008
Swimming Performance Progression 2
V (m /s)
1.8
1.6
10 best swimmers 1.4
Elite level swimmer 1 1.2
Elite level swimmer 2
1 9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Age (years)
22
Swimming Performance Progression in Career Training PERFORMANCE PROGRESSION FOR 100 FREE MEN (LC)
1:11.20 01:12
Elite level swimmer A Elite level swimmer B Elite level swimmer C
01:07 1:00.13
TIME
01:03
0:57.30 0:55.55 0:54.63 0:53.40 0:52.15 0:49.73
00:59 00:54 00:50
0:48.93 0:49.18 0:49.02
00:46 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
YEARS
23
Swimming Performance Progression in Career Training Peak Performance / Performance at age 11 For Females – 0.71-0.89 (71-89%)
For Males – 0.61-0.79 (61-79%)
24
Swimming Performance Progression in Career Training WINDOWS FOR PERFORMANCE PROGRESSION
Lower level
Time at age 11
Upper level
TIME
Ratios: Male - 0.61-0.79 (61-79%) Female - 0.71-0.89 (71-89%)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 YEARS
18
19
20
21
22
23
Peak performance time 25
Optimal Swimming Performance Progression WINDOWS FOR 100 FREE MEN (LC) 01:19
1:19.90
01:15 1:10.65 01:11
Lower level 1:04.67
TIME
01:07
1:00.41
01:02 1:01.70 00:58
0:57.31 0:54.99
0:58.99
0:53.23
0:56.85
00:54
0:51.87
0:55.13 0:53.72
00:49
0:52.57
0:51.62
Upper level
0:50.80
0:50.83 0:50.16
0:49.95 0:49.28
0:48.74
0:49.61 0:49.14
0:48.74
00:45 11
12
13
14
15
16 17 YEARS
18
19
20
21
22
26
Optimal Swimming Performance Progression WINDOWS FOR 100 FREE MEN (LC)
1:19.90
01:19 01:15
Lower level
1:10.65
01:11
Upper level
1:04.67
TIME
01:07
1:00.41
Sub-elite level swimmer
01:02 1:01.70
00:58
0:57.31 0:58.99
0:54.99 0:53.23
0:56.85
00:54
0:51.87
0:55.13 0:53.72
0:52.57
00:49
0:51.62
0:50.80
0:50.83 0:50.16
0:49.95
0:49.28 0:48.74
0:49.61 0:49.14 0:48.74
00:45 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
YEARS
18
19
20
21
22
27
Optimal Swimming Performance Progression 01:20
WINDOWS FOR 100 FREE MEN (LC)
1:19.90
01:16
TIME
01:07
Upper level
1:04.67
Elite level swimmer
1:00.41
01:03 00:59
Lower level
1:10.65
01:12
1:01.70
0:57.31 0:54.99
0:58.99
0:53.23
0:56.85
00:54
0:51.87
0:55.13 0:53.72
00:50
0:52.57
0:51.62
00:46 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0:50.80
0:49.95 0:49.28 0:48.74
0:50.83 0:50.16 0:49.61 0:49.14 0:48.74
18
19
20
21
22
YEARS
28
Performance Progression Model DATE
CURRENT PERFORMANCE NAME LAST NAME AGE GENDER M STROKE Free DISTANCE TIME, Sec.
11
100 79
GOAL AGE TIME
Age 11
Optimal Progression, Sec. 79.00
Time, Min., Sec. 1:19
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
70.16 64.34 60.29 57.37 55.21 53.58 52.33 51.36 50.60
1:10.16 1:4.34 1:0.29 0:57.37 0:55.21 0:53.58 0:52.33 0:51.36 0:50.6
65.91 61.70 58.62 56.30 54.53 53.16 52.08 51.23 50.55
74.09 66.66 61.71 58.25 55.75 53.91 52.51 51.45 50.64
21
50.00
0:50
50.00
50.00
Upper Level Lower Level 71.89 86.11
21 50
29
Performance Progression Model Forecast of performances progression in career training Optimal Progression, Sec. Upper Level
85.00
79.00
80.00
Lower Level Time
75.00
70.16
70.00
64.34 60.29
65.00
57.37
60.00
55.21
55.00
53.58
52.33 51.36
50.6050.00
50.00 10
12
14
16
18
20
Years
30
Duration of Career Training Age at Peak Performances
Age at the Beginning of Career Training
Maintenance of High Performances
“Time Reserve” to prepare each swimmer to achieve their individual maximum potential
31
Duration of Career Training Age at the Beginning of Career Training
Age at Peak Performance
6-8 years
18-25 years depending on gender, distance orientation and rate of individual maturation
“Time Reserve” - 10-19 years!!!
“Time Reserve” for Men (Freestyle) Years 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
16.8
50 m Free
17.3
100 m Free
14.6
200 m Free
400 m Free
1500 m Free
17
14.1
13.3
33
“Time Reserve” for Women (Freestyle) Years 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
50 m Free
15
17
17.3
100 m Free
16.6
200 m Free
12.8
400 m Free
12
800 m Free
12.1
34
Stages of Biological Maturation Early Childhood and Prepuberty – Girls - until 11 years, Boys - until 12 years
Puberty – Girls - 11-14 years, Boys - 12-15 years
Postpuberty – Girls - after 15 years, Boys - after 16 years
35
EARLY CHILDHOOD Age 4-6: – Kids don’t have good postural and balance skills – Very short attention spans – Imprecise eye movement – There is no advantage to begin swimming at this age
CHILDHOOD Age 6-9: – Improved postural and balance skills – Good age to begin organized swimming practices – Longer attention spans, but still isn’t long enough to focus on long explanation – More precise eye movement – Simple swimming drills – Difficulty to accomplish complex skills
PREPUBERTY Age 10-12: Good postural and balance skills Growth in extremities and long bones Maturational differences between genders and early/late maturers Easy to learn advanced swimming technique Complex swimming and synchro drills
PUBERTY Age 12-17: – Improved attention and decision making skills – Rapid growth and development (sensitive period). Decrease in strength and power because of rapid growth. – Improved aerobic capacity – Deterioration in postural and balance skills (it is important to continue working on swimming skills at this age) – Greater potential of skeletal-muscular injuries
POSTPUBERTY Age 16-19: – Appreciation of variety in training and swimming sets – Improvements in racing skills – Increased muscle mass and tolerance to the high-intensity work (anaerobic capacity) – Increased sprinting ability (strength and power) – Improved cardio-vascular system
Sensitive Periods of Development Physical characteristics and physiological systems develop at different rates during maturation. During the adolescent growth spurt many parameters show accelerated growth size and strength. These accelerated phases of development are called “sensitive periods” and represent the fastest rate of development.
41
Anthropometric Parameters in Career Training (Swimmers) 190 185
Males
180
Females
.
170
Height, cm
175
165 160 155
“Sensitive Periods”
150 145 140 10
12
14 Age, years
16
Timakova T.S., 1985
18
42
Changes in Height Gain Peak Height Velocity (Puberty)
Initiation of Adolescent
Spurt (Prepuberty)
Deceleration (Postpuberty) 43
Changes in Weight Gain 10 9
Males
8
Females
Peak Weight Velocity (Puberty)
WG, kg/yr
7 6 5 4 3
Deceleration
2
Initiation of Adolescent 1
(Postpuberty)
0 Spurt (Prepuberty) 9
11
13
15
17
19
Age, years 44
Vo2 max in Young Male Athletes “Sensitive Period” 4500 4250
Vo2 (ml/min)
4000 3750 3500 3250 3000
Cunningham et al. (1987)
2750
Daniels et al. (1978)
2500 2250
Murase et al. (1981)
2000
Baxter-Jones et al. (1993)
1750
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Age (yrs) 45
Changes in Aerobic Capacity Gain (Males) 1.8
VO2 max
“Sensitive Periods” 1.6
O2 debt
Parameters
1.4
Vital Capacity
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 11
12
13
14 Age
15
16
17
Kashkin A.A., 1981; Timakova T.S., 1985 46
Strength Parameters in Career Training (Swimmers, Males) “Sensitive Periods”
Sokolovas G., Gordon S., 1986
47
Changes in Strength Gain (Males) 14
“Sensitive Periods”
Gain of Strength, KG
12 Dryland Strength
10
Water Strength 8 6 4 2 0 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Age
Priluckij P.M., 1998 48
Arm Pull
Vertical Jump
14
5
12 4
cm/yr
kg/yr
10 8 6
3 2
4 2
1 -3
-2
-1
PHV
1
2
3
-3
Bent Arm Hang
6
-2
-1
PHV
1
2
3
Sit and Reach
2
2 0
cm/yr
s/yrr
4
-3
-2
-1
PHV
1
2
1
3
-2 -4
0 -3
-2
-1
PHV
1
2
3
Data from Beunen et al., 1988 49
Progression of Physical Qualities in Career Training 100.0 90.0
Progression, %
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0
Aerobic
40.0
Mix
30.0
Anaerobic-glycolitic Creatine phosphate
20.0
Specific power
10.0 0.0 10
12
14
16 Age
18
20
22 50
Duration of Sensitive Periods Physical Quality
Boys (years)
Girls (years)
Flexibility Balance Agility Endurance Strength
7-13 9-11 10-12 12-14 14-16
6-12 8-10 9-11 11-13 13-15 51
Workload Progression in Career Training (Male) Total - 3,600,000 yrd
Aerobic - 62%
100.0
Mix - 22%
90.0 80.0
Progression, %
70.0
Distance Swimmer
Anaerobic - 5% CP - 1.5% Total - 2,700,000 yrd
60.0
Aerobic - 59%
50.0
Mix - 30%
Sprinter
40.0
Anaerobic - 8%
30.0Total - 380,000 yrd
CP - 3%
20.0Aerobic - 90% 10.0Mix - 7% 0.0Anaerobic - 2% 10- 1% 12 CP
14
16 Age
18
20
22 52
Workload Progression in Career Training (Male Sprinters) 3,000,000 2,500,000
Total
Workload, yrd
REC-EN1
2,000,000
EN2-3
1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 9
11
13
15
Age
17
19
21
23 53
Workload Progression in Career Training (Male Sprinters) 250,000 SP1-2
200,000
SP3 Workload, yrd
150,000 100,000 50,000 0 9
11
13
15
Age
17
19
21
23
54
Dryland Workload Progression in Career Training (Male Sprinters) 8,000 7,000
General Strength (Weights)
6,000
Specific Strength (Biokinetic etc.)
Min
5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 9
11
13
15
Age
17
19
21
23 55
Total Swimming Workload Volume for Early, Normal, and Late Matured Swimmers 3,000,000
Normal Matured Early Matured
Workload, yrd
2,500,000
Late Matured 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 8
10
12
14 Age
16
18
20
Stages of Career Training
Preliminary Preparation Basic Training Specialization Peak Performance Maintenance of High Performance
57
Preliminary Preparation (Girls 7-9, Boys 8-10) Teaching of swimming technique in different swimming strokes Teaching of diving and turns Improvement of interest to compete Development of flexibility, general (aerobic) endurance, balance in water Playing & games method Recommended maximum number of sessions per week - 3-4 Recommended number of seasons - 3 (3 peak 58 performance competitions)
Basic Training (Girls 10-12, Boys 10-13) Teaching of advanced swimming technique in different swimming strokes Evaluation of individual swimming stroke and distance orientation Development of aerobic and anaerobic-aerobic (mix) endurance Development of quickness and agility Beginning of development of general strength Recommended maximum number of sessions per week - 6-9 Recommended number of seasons in one year - 23 (2-3 peak performance competitions) 59
Specialization (Girls 12-17, Boys 13-18) Development of individual swimming technique Individualization of technical and racing tactics Development of aerobic-anaerobic mix, anaerobic specific endurance, and general strength Beginning of development of specific strength and speed Maintenance of flexibility Recommended maximum number of sessions per week - 9-12 Recommended number of seasons in a year - 2-3 (2-3 peak performance competitions)
60
Peak Performance (Girls 16-20, Boys 17-22) Perfection and stabilization of individual swimming technique, diving, turns, and tactical skills Development of distance specific endurance, specific power, transition of specific power to water Development of specific strength speed Maximization of workload volume Modeling (race simulation) of all conditions of competition Maintenance of individual flexibility Recommended maximum number of sessions during peak week - 12-15 Recommended number of seasons in a year - 2 (2 peak performance competitions) 61
Maintenance of High Performance (Girls 18 and older, Boys 20 and older) Maintenance of individual swimming technique, diving, turns, and tactical skills Maintenance of individual power, endurance, speed, and flexibility Reduction of total workload volume with increasing of intensity Maintenance of health Recommended maximum number of sessions per week - 9-12 Recommended number of seasons in a year - 2 (2 peak performance competitions) 62
Optimizing Long-Term Training Measure height at least twice a year. Increase workload volumes accordingly:
63
Optimizing Long-Term Training Identify early/late maturers: – Early maturers experience early success due to physical growth advantage – Early success does not predict later success – Late maturers often catch up and exceed the performance of early maturers – Keep success in perspective – Develop sets to monitor individual progression
Optimizing Long-Term Training Evaluate distance orientation (sprint, middle distance, distance): Swimmer 1
Swimmer 2
Best Time on 100 Best Time on 200 Times in Seconds
00:54.50 01:57.70 54.5, 117.7 sec
00:55.00 02:02.10 55.0, 122.1 sec
Calculation Ratio 200/100
117.7/54.5 2.16
122.1/55.0 2.22
Optimizing Long-Term Training Predict performance progression and make corrections in workload volumes/intensities: WINDOWS FOR 100 FREE MEN (LC) 01:19
1:19.90
01:15 1:10.65 01:11 1:04.67
TIME
01:07
1:00.41
01:02 1:01.70 00:58
0:57.31 0:54.99
0:58.99
0:53.23
0:56.85
00:54
0:51.87
0:55.13 0:53.72
00:49
0:52.57
0:51.62
0:50.80
0:50.83 0:50.16
0:49.95 0:49.28
0:48.74
0:49.61 0:49.14
0:48.74
00:45 11
12
13
14
15
16 17 YEARS
18
19
20
21
22
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