Anti-federalists

January 5, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Political Science
Share Embed Donate


Short Description

Download Anti-federalists...

Description

CHAPTER 20 THE AMERICAS AND SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN THE WEST

Latin America: 19th & early 20th C • Q: What role did liberalism and nationalism play in Latin America Between 1800 and 1870? • Q: What were the major economic, social and political trends in Latin American in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.

Challenge to Spanish & Portuguese Colonialism • Influence of Enlightenment ideals & upheavals in the Napoleonic era – The Wars for Independence • Creole Elites: descendants of Europeans • Simon Bolivar of Venezuela • Jose de San Martin of Argentina – Principle of Equality of all people under law – Free trade – Free press » Did not apply to everyone

Toussaint L’Ouverture,Haiti, 1804 © North Wind Picture Archives

Nationalistic Revolts • Mexican Independence, 1810 – Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla – Represented a peoples revolution • September 16, 1910 crushed

• Creoles & Peninsulars united to defeat the popular revolution – Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821 • No political or economic changes

“Liberator” of South America •Bolý´var leading his troops across the Andes in 1823 to fight in Peru

© SuperStock

Simon Bolivar, Venezuela • Creole elite • Influenced by enlightenment ideals • Led “liberation” movements all over Northern South America – Venezuela independence, 1813 – First president by 1819

– Colombia – Ecuador – Peru

“Liberators” of South America •Theodore Ge´ricault, •French Romantic painter, •San Martý´n is shown leading his troops at the Battle of Chacabuco in Chile in 1817.

Jose de San Martin, Argentina • Son of a Spanish army officer in Argentina • served in the Spanish military • Returned to Argentina in 1812 to a newly independent Argentina. – He believed Complete removal of Spaniards if any nation was to be free.

• his military leaders, Bernardo O’Higgins was made supreme dictator of Chile in 1817

By1824: Free states: Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia Chile • Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

Monroe Doctrine • Britain, sought Spheres of Influence in Latin America – access for investment and trade – proposed joint action with the U.S. to exclude other European influence

• James Monroe,1823, “guaranteed independence” of Latin America – warning against further European influence, – British navy ensured military might • American/British sphere of influence

Nation Building • The Difficulties of Nation Building (1830-187)) – European intervention – Consequences of Wars for independence • Loss of population, property and livestock • Boundary disputes • Poor transportation and communication challenged unity and fostered regionalism

Political Obstacles • Different types of leadership • Caudillos (leaders) of New Republics

– National Caudillos • Autocrats: Supported elites and controlled state revenues, favored centralized power and unity of states – worked against the majority’s interests – Sometimes were modernizers in that they build infrastructure, canal, ports, schools,

Autocrats • Caudillos – Often supported by the Church, Aristocracy, military – Often former military leaders • Destructive leadership – – – – –

Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana of Mexico 1829 – 1855 ruled Misused state funds Curtailed reforms Lost territory to the U.S.

Popular Caudillos • Supported by the masses – Served as an instrument for change • Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentina, 1829 – 1852 – Favored Argentine interests against Foriegners

• Rafael Carrera, Guatamala, 1839 - 1865 – Indigenous advocate – Pursued policy of land redistribution – Reversed by Justo Rufino Barrios – pushed economy to coffee production and wage laborers

Economic Patterns • Great Britain & America dominated Latin American economy – British merchants and investors • Mining industry • Exploited raw materials • Created a market for manufactured goods

Social Conditions • Incredible disparity of wealth – Landed elite • Land basis of wealth, social prestige, political power • Controlled government, courts • Maintained system of debt peonage

– Post independence – size of estates expanded • Sanchez Navarro Family by 1848 in Mexico – 17 Haciendas over 16 million acres

• Argentina, 5 families bought 21 million acres of public lands

Latin America after 1870 • Rapid economic growth • Export items (Raw Materials) – Argentina: Wheat and Beef – Brazil: Coffee – Chili: Nitrates – Central America: Coffee and bananas – Peru: silver and sugar

Foreign Investments • 1870 – 1913 foreign investments boomed – British investment: • Growth from 85 to 757 million pound, 2/3 of all foreign investments – Railroads – Mining – Public utilities

• Slavery technically abolished in 1888 • Most people remained subservient and dependent on elite and foriegners

Further Class Stratification • Social and political repercussions of the development of an export economy – Modernization of elites • Profit motive and greater exploitation of workers

– Growth of an upper crust • New prosperity for 5-10% of the population • Lawyers, merchants, shopkeepers, businessmen, school teachers, professors, bureaucrats, military officers – sought liberal reform, not revolution, elites ameliorated their impulse by extending suffrage.

Catholic Church • Enormous land holdings-Exercised great power • Clerics took position in new governments following independence – Considerable influence

• Conflict of church & state – Liberals wanted to curtail powers of church – Conservatives hoped to maintain privileges and power of church

Working Class • Growth of labor unions – Radical unions advocated use of the general strike as an instrument for change

• Lack of suffrage hampered political change

Political Change after 1870 • Landed Elite – took more direct interest in national politics.

• Argentina and Chile – Controlled government – produced constitutions similar to those of the US and Europe – limited suffrage maintained concentration of power

Dictators • Some landowners made use of dictators to maintain the interests of the ruling elite. – Porfirio Diaz , Mexico, Ruled 1876 – 1910, • established a conservative, centralized government

– support of the army, foreign capitalists, large landowners, and the catholic church.

• Consequences of Dictatorship: – real wages of working class declined, – 95% of rural population owned no land, – 1000 families owned the land.

Economy after 1870 • Growth of economy – Modernization & wealth a veneer – Enjoyed by the wealthy minority

• Rural elites dominated workers – Indians impoverished – Debt servitude – Dependent on foreigners

Emiliano Zapata •Liberal landowner Francisco Madero, forced Diaz from power •Madera’s ineffectiveness to carry out sufficient reform triggered a demand for agrarian reform led by Zapata © Snark/Art Resource, NY

Mexican Revolution, 1910 • He aroused the revolutionary impulse of landless – Seized the haciendas (plantations) of the wealthy

• Impact of revolution – destroyed the economy – new constitution in 1917

Mexico’s New Constitution • New Constitution, 1917 • established a strong presidency, • initiated land reform policies, • established limits on foreign investors, • set an agenda for social welfare of workers. • The nationalistic fervor also took an indigenous tone rather than a celebration of European heritage or influence.

United States Intervention • United States emergence as a world power – interfered into the economies of Latin America

• The Spanish American War 1898 – U.S. gained Cuba as a protectorate, – Annexed Puerto Rico

• Between 1898 – 1934 – sent military forces to Cuba, Mexico, Guatamala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Columbia, Haiti, and the Dominica Republic

Cuba • 1901 Platt Amendment • Conditions for Cuban independence – could not make treaties with foreign powers – US would maintain broad authority to intervene in economic and political affairs – had to sell or lease lands to US for Naval Stations

• US invested heavily there and intervened in political and economic affairs to protect those investments and reap the wealth (5x 19061921)

Puerto Rico  Annexed under the Foraker Act 1900 – “unincorporated territory” • no citizenship • congress would dictate the government and specify the rights of inhabitants throughout the 20th century • Large scale sugar production by U.S. business • Theodore Roosevelt Jr. – Under domination of US capital “poverty was wide spread and hunger, almost to the verge of starvation , common”

Imperialist Arguments • Taking Philippines – boost US trade w/ China

• Competition w /other Empires • “white man’s burden”

• Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child..." • Rudyard Kipling McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).

United States & Canada • Q: What role did nationalism and liberalism play in the United States and Canada between 1800 an 1870? • What Economic, social and political trends were evident in the United States and Canada between 1870 – 1914?

Who would Rule America? • Elitists or conservatives– later the Federalists • Constituency: Wealthier, better educated • Residents of Urban areas, commercially oriented towns, agricultural districts • Franchise limited to property holders/wealthy elite – Maintain power and wealth of the elite

• The Democrats or Radicals– later the Democratic Republicans or Anti-Federalists • Constituency: Small farmers who predominated in America • Believed common man capable of self-government – The essential task of government was to preserve the liberties of the people from greed and corruption of those who wielded power

Crisis of the 1780s • Post Colonial War Depression – 60% increase in land taxes to pay for costs of war • Rose between 1783-1786

– Crop Failures – Local courts began seizing property • Lost farms, debtor prison

• Political Protests, – Mass. Farmers Demanded for tax relief – Shaysites first petitioned state government, provided no relief – 1000 farmers shut down the county court in North Hampton • Popular mandate citizens would no longer permit judges to seize property or condemn them to prison

– August 29, 1786, Revolutionary veteran, Daniel Shay led an armed rebellion against the harsh taxes placed upon farmers in which the arsenal at Springfield, Mass. was threatened.

Philadelphia • May 1787 – Shay’s Rebellion suppressed – 55 men from 12 states, social and economic elite – Believed the country suffered from too much democracy • Feared ordinary people, if given access to power, would enact policies against the interests of the privileged classes

Ratifying the Constitution • Nationalists began referring to themselves as the Federalists, and their opposition, the antifederalists – Understood the opposition to the Constitution, agreed that only 9 states were needed to ratify • Circumvented opposition

• Anti-federalists – The real federalists in that they wanted to continue the confederation of sovereign states – Sought to keep power as close as possible to the people & in the hands of state governments

Federalist Papers • Federalist No. 10 • Advocates for a large, strong republic to guard against “factions," groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. • Federalist No. 84 – opposition to Bill of Rights

• Anti-Federalist Papers • Collection of articles written in opposition to the ratification of the 1787 Constitution of the United States – in favor of Bill of rights – Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee

The Constitution, 1787 • Admirers – Laid the foundation for the democratization and expansion of the Republic

• Critics – Undermines democratic principles of the Declaration of Independence in order to safeguard the interests of the wealthy

Jackson Era 1824-1845 • • • • •

Extension of white male democracy Popular religious revolt Rise of Jackson’s Democrats (1824-28) Jackson appeal – Indian removal Spoils System

White Male Suffrage • 1800-1820s – restrictions on white male suffrage under attack • Political Democracy – defined as the majority rule of white males – States removed/reduced property qualifications for office holding – Popular choice for presidential candidates – Tax paying qualification for voting – Seth Luther “we wish nothing , but those equal rights, which were designed for us all”

Further Institutionalism • 1815 – 1850 traditional liberal belief in the improvement of human beings – Detention schools for juvenile delinquents – New penal institutions • Belief in change of environment and conditions would rehabilitate non conformists

Road to Slavery • American National unity – Divisions over slavery/ politics of sectionalism • • • • • •

Cotton industry peaked in 1850 Increase in numbers of people enslaved California statehood, 1850 Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave law act Kansas Nebraska Act, 1854

• Surrender of General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army on • April 9, 1965

The Dead at Antietam © Peter Newark Military Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library

Civil War • 1861 – 1865, 600,000 soldiers dead – 1/5 of the adult white male population dead

• January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation – 4 million blacks “freed”

The United States: The West and the Civil War

Reconstruction • The process by which the nation was rebuilt after the destruction caused by the Civil War. This attempted rebuilding was social, political, and economic. • Issues: – A. how to handle seceded states – B. Suffrage • 1. ex-confederates • 2. Freedmen

New Legal Framework • Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865. – abolished slavery and gave Congress the power of enforcement. – Civil Rights bill – 14th Amendment – 15th Amendment

New Legal Framework • Congress over rode the presidential veto, 1866 to pass the 14th Amendment – Citizenship to freedmen (everyone born here) – Prohibited states from interfering with constitutional rights – Declared the Confederate war debt null and void, – Barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office – Punished any state that restricted extension of the right to vote to black men.

New Legal Framework • In 1869, Radicals succeeded in passing the Fifteenth Amendment – prohibited denying the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” – Voting rights of women could still be denied.

Disputed Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 • Disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes ( R ) and Samuel Tilden (D) • Compromise of 1877, – Abandoned reconstruction and Black rights – Presidency awarded to Hayes if reconstruction was abandoned • Through Coercion and terrorism and fraud and irregularities in counting votes democrat’s wrestled control of government

Black Codes 4 million former slaves – Excluded from voting and juries – Could not testify against white – Banned interracial marriage – Punished blacks more severely for crimes – Defined unemployed black as a vagrant and hired them out to planters – Forbade blacks to lease lands

Southern Defiance • Thirteenth Amendment – many Southern states balked at ratifying • violence against Blacks • Presidential pardons made to ex-Confederates • Many ex-Confederate leaders elected to Congress – Alexander Hamilton Stephens • Praise and support from leading Northern 7 Democrats (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

Klu Klux Klan

Rise of the United States • 1860 – 1914, Industrial power – World richest Nation – 1890 richest 9% owned 71% of the wealth

• Exploitation of the working/producing classes – Labor unrest & Unionizing • Led to reform impulse

The “Progressives’ • Various Movements that challenged traditional relationships & attitudes • Unified – Addressed corruption of business and government – Addresses social ills that were a consequence of disparity of wealth and corruption of industrial order – Government should act as the organized agent of public responsibility to address social & economic problems

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All

Origins of Progressivism • Crisis of new Urban-Industrial order – Severe depression of 1890’s – Labor violence & industrial armies – Political challenges of populism – Ineffective government – Questioning of the validity of social Darwinism & Laissez-faire policies of government

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All

Reforms • Political – regulation of government and corporations until the 1890’s • Social, Moral • Labor • Legal thought • Educational • Economic – Meat Inspection Act – Pure Food and Drug Administration Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All

The Emergence of Mass Society • Q: What is meant by the term Mass Society, and what were its main characteristics

Mass Society • Result of rapid socio-economic changes – Urbanization – Universal white male suffrage, working class voice – Greater access to education – Reform movements that addressed basic conditions and needs of common people • Relative improvement in the standard of living

– Larger and more stratified middle and working class • Greater disparity of wealth between classes

Marriage and Family • Reduction of size of families – New alternatives sought to control fertility • Europe’s first birth control clinic, founded by Aletta Jacob, Amsterdam, 1882

• Movement for women’s Rights – United States, 1830’s women’s reform – 1840 Seneca Fall’s Convention, New York – Declaration of Sentiments • Suffragists: right to full citizenship/suffrage

Mass Education • After 1870 most western states provided free compulsory primary education – Industrialization demanded skilled labor • Basic education needed for new white collar and industrial jobs • Incentive for elite to provide basic education

• Compulsory education – New demand for teachers – Teaching viewed by many as an extension of women’s “natural Role” • New educational and training opportunities for women

Mass Leisure • Leisure confined within new boundaries of the Industrial system – Evening hours after work – Weekends – Summer break

• Activities – Ferris wheel and amusement parks – Dance halls – Athletic games and team sports

Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism in the Western World • Romanticism – Intellectual movement end of 18th C – Challenged ideals of the enlightenment – Tried to balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of feeling, emotion and imagination as sources of knowing • Emphasized emotion and sentiment

The Characteristics of Romanticism • Historical consciousness, interest in the past – Walter Scotts Ivanhoe, medieval England

• Gothic Literature – Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

• Experiments with drugs • Poetry – love of nature

Attraction to exotic and unfamiliar Non-western figures such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Kubla Khan

Euge`ne Delacroix, Women of Algiers © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

Fascination and misticism of nature

Caspar David Friedrich, Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon © Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

New Age of Science • Renewed interest in scientific research – Louis Pasteur, Germ Theory of disease – Dmitri Mendeleev, classified material elements, established a systematic foundation for the periodic law • Popularity of scientific and technological achievement produced widespread acceptance of the Scientific Method – 18th C age of increasing secularism

Charles Darwin • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859 – Organic Evolution • All plants and animals evolved over a log period of time from simpler forms of life

– Natural Selection • Many more species are born than can survive, leading to a struggle for existence • Some adapted while others perished • Those that were naturally selected for survival reproduced and thrived

Realism • 1850, new style of painting, and literature – Rejected romanticism – Represented actual life, everyday characters – Wrote novels that avoided emotional language • Clorinda Matto de Turner, brutal revelation of the lives of peruvian indios, faulted the catholic church for their misery • Charles Dicken’s, lower and middle class life of English

Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers

•Most famous of the realist artists, portrayed things as they actually appeared © Oskar Reinhart Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

Intellectual & Cultural Developments • Q: What intellectual and cultural developments in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries “opened the way to a modern Consciousness,” and how did this consciousness differ from earlier worldviews?

Herbert Spencer & Social Darwinism • Argued biological evolution, involving competition, elimination of the weak, and “survival of the fittest” should be applied to competition among cultures, nations and peoples – It was right or “natural” for “strong, superior cultures” to control or even to eliminate “weaker, inferior cultures.”

Racism & Nationalism • Darwin’s ideas applied to human society – Nations engaged in a struggle for existence (only the fit survive – Houston Stewart Chamberlain (British origin/German citizen • Germans successors of Aryans, founders of western civilization • Fight against assaults of lower races

Zionsim • Jewish Nationalist movement – Movement to establish a Jewish state

• Several countries identified as possible locations – Movement in United States focused on Palestine – 1900 migration to Palestine (religious toleration) – 1915 Balfour Declaration

Palestine in 1900

View more...

Comments

Copyright � 2017 NANOPDF Inc.
SUPPORT NANOPDF