AP Chapter 25 - John F. Kennedy High School

AP World History Chapter 25 The Consolidation of Latin America 1830-1920

4 External events impacts political changes

1. 2. 3. 4.

America Revolution French Revolution Extension of French Rev. to Haiti France invasion of Portugal and Spain Political Ideas

Centralist

Federalist

Positivism

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares – Born in Spain or Portugal

Mestizos – Mixed – Native Indians - European The great differences in status based on color – created outcaste and Native Indians rebellions

Creoles – Europeans Born in the Americans

Mulattos – Mixed – Blacks European

Black Slaves

Causes of Political Change American Revolution • Model French Revolution • Ideology • Too radical Toussaint L'Overture • 1791 slave revolt • Republic of Haiti, 1804 French invasion of Spain

•Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion in Haiti

•Toussaint tricked into surrendering in 1802; he was shipped to France where he died a year later in a dungeon •French troops weakened by yellow fever; eventually fell to the rebel forces

Latin American States After the Revolutions •*Caudillos – Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government

Spanish-American Independence Struggles Mexico Miguel de Hidalgo • 1810 Rebellion, alliance with Indians and mestizos Augustín de Iturbide • Ended the Mexican War of Independence • 1824, collapse of new state

•Miguel de Hidalgo – 1810 – a parish priest roused the Indians and Mestizos – revolted – after early victories he lost Creole support and was executed •September 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico’s Independence Day •Conservative Creoles under Augustin Iturbide (eetoor-BEE-day) won independence, first emperor in 1821- Emperor Agustin •Mexico became a republic in 1824 –

“el Grito de Dolores” – The cry of Dolores – Mexicans to fight for independence and Liberty.

Mexican War of Independence •Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spanish, and mestizos who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between liberales (liberals) and conservadores (conservatives).

•Agustín de Iturbide, A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy, Iturbide was the personification of conservative Creole values, devoutly religious, and committed to the defense of property rights and social privileges became the first emperor.

Cause of the Mexican Revolution 1910? •Porfirio Diaz (dictatorial reign)– ruled Mexico form 1876-1910 – conservative , centralize government with support of army, large landowners, Catholic Church •Real wages of workers declined •Liberal landowner – Francesco Madero led a series of strikes throughout the country. He forced Diaz from power and open the door to a wider revolution

•Maximilian von Habsburg – Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862 ; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867 by Juarez’s firing squad •Benito Juarez-Indian Lawyer who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867-1872 •Porfirio Diaz –One of Juarez’s generals ; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated polities for 35 years

1825, all Spanish colonies independent Simon Bolívar • Creole, Visionary, Revolutionary, & Liberator • Independence movement, 1810 • 1817-1822, victory • Grand Columbia Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador 1830, split

José de San Martín • Liberator of Spanish South America. • Buenos Aires, Peru, Chili, Argentina

Bolivar’s Accomplishment •Gran Colombia – Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador became separate independent nations

No Unity!  Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:

1.

Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.

 By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification. 1.

Gran Columbia.

2.

United Provinces of Central America.

Bolivar’s Failure  After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.  He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

Brazilian Independence • 1807, French invasion of Portugal • Royal family, elite, to Brazil • Rio de Janeiro, capital King João VI (John VI) of Portugal • In Brazil until 1820 • Pedro left in Brazil as regent 1822, Pedro declares Brazil independent • Pedro I

Enlightenment ideals • Role of Catholic church? • Equality • Slavery • Indians, mestizos • Franchisement

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 Britain, U.S. support independence • in exchange for economic power • Dependency on foreign consumers Mid-Century Stagnation 1820-1850 • After 1850 • European market creates demand • Church, conservatives slow change • Landowners, peasants ally in opposition The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention 1824, Mexican Constitution Conservative centralists v. liberal federalists Reforms attempted, 1830s • Opposed by Antonio López de Santa Anna ,caudillo War with U.S. Benito Juárez • Zapotec Indian • Liberal revolt,1854 • New constitution, 1857 • Privileges of army and church diminished • Lands sold to individuals French in to assist conservatives • Maximilian von Habsburg • 1867, French withdraw • Maximilian executed Juárez in office to 1872

Argentina: The Port and the Nation United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, 1816 • Liberals v. federalists “The King can be compared with a father, and reciprocally a father be compared with the King, • Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1831 can and then set the duties of the – Federalist (despotic ruler-weakened central gvt. “death to the savage, filthy Unitarians” – Overthrown, 1852

• Reunification, 1862-1890 – Domingo F. Sarmiento

monarch by those of the parental authority. Love, govern, reward and punish is what a King and a father must do. In the end, there's nothing less legitimate than anarchy, which removes property and security from the people, as force becomes then the only right.”

Brought liberal changes i.e. political /economic reforms (agricultural production increased; population tripled; education, transportation; nationalism increased; Ended war with American Indians—opened land to ranching/agriculture While president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, Sarmiento championed intelligent thought including education for children and women and democracy for Latin America.

The Brazilian Empire Pedro I • 1824, liberal constitution • Abdicates, 1831 Pedro II • Regency, 1831-1840 Economic prosperity • Coffee export • Slavery intensified • Infrastructure improved Abolition • Achieved, 1888 Republican Party • Formed, 1871 • Coup, 1889 – Republic founded

Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation Porfirio Díaz (Mexico – Juarez’s general) • 1876, president • Foreign capital used for infrastructure • Revolt suppressed –imposed strong central gvt. • 1910-1920, Civil War – Electoral reform Argentina • Meat exports • Immigration – Distinct culture • 1890s – Socialist party forms – Strikes from 1910 Radical Party • Middle class • 1916, in power

Uncle Sam Goes South Spanish-American War, 1898 Cuba • American investment

Puerto Rico annexed Colombia • U.S. backs revolution

“The Colossus of the North” US dominated affairs in the Americas. 1823 – Monroe Doctrine. US takes Texas and Mexican Cession. US gains independence for Cuba. Roosevelt Corollary – US will police the America. US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua. US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”

•Spanish-American War - 1898 – Cuba became U.S. protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed outright •In 1903 the US supported a rebellion to enable Panama to separate itself from Colombia •Between 1898-1934 – American military forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, panama, Colombia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic

The Caribbean: An “American Lake”

The Panama Canal

Panama Canal – The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus

•Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835 •Mexican-American War – (1846-1848) – Devastating defeat for Mexican forces • **Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost onehalf of its national territory (Mexico forced to sign)

Gender and Race I. Women fought in rebellions and revolts but did not achieve anything in the new government(s): 1. Can not vote 2. Can not hold offices 3. Can not become lawyers 4. Could not enter into a contract without permission of husband 5. Unwed women under the authority of their father 6. Lower class women fair better due to economic necessities: -economic freedom; control local markets; greater freedom compared to elite women II. Education: women had responsibility to educate their children 1869- first girl school in Mexico city; increased in secular education; result—gave women opportunities & demanded basic freedom/rights III. Skin color continued to be a stigma; “Indian” label of natives viewed as derogatory