Arab-Islamic Public Administration
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From Islamic Roots and Arab Custom, through Colonisation, to Current Contradictions under Globalisation
Islamic Work Values
Caliphal Administration
Colonisation
Arab/Bedouin Custom
Current and Futue
Prophet Mohamed (PBUH/saws) Qur’an Sunna, Hadith
Life
without work has no meaning Engagement in economic activity an obligation Honesty, justice in trade Equitable, fair distribution of wealth (e.g., zakat) Acquire skills & technology Praises work as a virtue
Effort of the capable is obligatory Cooperation & consultation Social relations at work creates balance in life Work source of independence, personal growth, self-respect, self-fulfillment Measures intentions instead of results Workplace governed by justice & generosity
Defense against aggressors
Leader/Shaikh
loyalty
Followers
External Aggressors
Accessi bility (Majlis) & account ability
Transfer loyalty & territorial rights
New Leader/Shaikh
Black – Abbasid Caliphate
Green – Fatimid Caliphate
Red Hashemites White Ummayyad Caliphate
Caliph (Ar. Khalifa) Khalifatu Rasulil-lah = Successor to the Messenger of God Abu Bakr, 'Umar, Uthman, Ali (earliest, closest Companions of Prophet): simple and righteous lives, justice impartial; treatment of others kind, merciful; one with people first among equals Subsequently, Caliphs assumed manners of kings and emperors, spirit of equality diminished
Had only indirect influence on UAE area bedouin Until Ottoman Empire (still only indirect)
Moral
character, visionary, caring Father of the state & people ‘Individual’ in community Leadership inheres in personal qualities
Shaikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (Dubai)
Consultative,
conciliatory, consensus-seeking Selected for competences Oriented to public good and welfare Bedouin traditions (plus Arabic, Muslim) Grounded in kin system Personal style Personal networks (trust systems): appropriate Wasta Orientation towards quality
Ruling families est. by UK colonisers Federated state of 7 member Emirates Meritocratic: the competent selected as Crown Prince Consultative Negotiating & navigating among powerful tribal/family representatives Negotiating among member Emirates
Al-Khalili, J. (2010) Pathfinders: Golden Age of Arabic Science Crone, P. (2005) Medieval Islamic Political Thought Freely, J. (2009) Aladdin’s Lamp: How Greek Science Came to Europe Through the Islamic World Lyons, J. (2009) The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization Masood, E. (2009) Science & Islam: A History Morgan, M. (2007) Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists O’Leary, D. (2003) Arabic Thought and Its Place in History
Common Heritage: e.g., Plato, Aristotle (history, politics, sociology, cultural analysis) Arab Scholarship: e.g., Al-Farabi, AlGhazali, Ibn Khaldun, Western trad. built Islamic Humanist upon Arabic: e.g., tradition Renaissance scholars, Weber, Heidegger
Tribal Traditions
Post-Unification Shaikhdom (Shaikh Zayed)
Colonial Heritage
Weberian Valueorientation & Ideal Typing Saidian Humanistic Critique of Orientalist Hegemony
Goffman Microinteractionist Metaphors
Bourdieuian Intellectual Field
Limited/eliminated trad’l functions of shaikhs: ability to wage war, deal with foreign powers, raid commercial boats, engage in slave trading, depose or murder of rulers UK approval of successors, require agreement to treaties & conditions, accept British advice, protect UK interests
Selected shaikhs raised to unchallengable positions of power Prevented tribes from getting rid of unsatisfactory shaikhs Fixed territorial boundaries Replaced consultation & consensus with British force, colonial hierarchy [Bureaucratisation of traditional society]
Bombed the ports, disrupting trade Restricted size of boats, diminishing pearl diving (only source of revenue) Built no roads, no hospitals, no schools Subsistence population sank further (i.e. camel milk and dates are not enough) Significant rise in death rate
First
Settlement: 5,500 BCE Pop. 2011: 7.2 Million (Expats 88.5%) Urban: 88% 32nd Human Develop Index (of 169) Life Expectancy: 78.5 years Literacy Rate: 93+% Health & Educ (to BA) free GDP per cap: 17th world; 3rd Middle East
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They drive Are increasingly in workplace (glass ceiling?) Travel abroad (many regularly) 80% Emirati grad students Assertive in doctoral seminar UAE is (relatively) uxorious society
UAE Admitted to UN 1971
Pop: 349,870,608 22 countries (Syria suspended) Aims: Economic develop; dispute resolution; coordinate political aims
Kingdom of Bahrain Kuwait Sultanate of Oman Qatar Kingdom of Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
The New Imperialism (Jreisat, 1992)
Affect
Traditional
Rational
Valuational (higher order)
Avoid responsibility & risk Prefer stable life to rewarding, challenging work Highly concerned with job security Reluctant to delegate authority Believe centralisation builds respect Priority to friendships & personal consideration over org goals & performance Higher commitment (than Westerners) to principles, but not in practice
Observation of rules & regs Sociocentric & existential values versus conformity, manipulation, egocentric Teamwork
Government job as entitlement
Favouritism (nepotism, influence peddling, favour seeking & giving) [Uneasy translation from Tribal structures to “modern” nation state]
Create prosperous, tolerant, well-governed state Achieve highest international standards Diversify economy Sustainable development Promote compromise, reason & dialogue regionally, internationally (diplomacy) Assist developing countries (strong UN supporter) Protect environment [Integration of women into leadership]
Democratisation
Concentrated, rapidly diversifying economy (hub, financial & industrial – light to heavy) Deal with Western political & military designs for control & influence Respond to declining work ethic with high consumption patterns Huge costs in security & defence Tensions between Islamic/Arabic values & “Western” values Security, security, security
Provide labour opportunities for nationals (Brown & Lauder, p. 252) 90% foreign labour in UAE Women > 50% university graduates; 80% of UAE in grad degrees “Public ownership” of all development sectors (real estate, utilities, industry, etc.): tension with “laissez-faire capitalist” pressures & negative intl press Drive high tech
High % prof’l staff Western (not nec. highly qualified)
Assume Western models work unmodified
Much knowledge is outdated (see Ali)
Primary concern economic develop: 1.) economy funds develop; 2) globalisation market model NPM; 3) oil running out Stress: leap from economic backwardness to high development (Gerfschenkron)
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Poor conceptualisation Faltering implementation Political corruption Govt ineffectiveness Bureaucratic incompetence Public nonparticipation
Complaints (Jreisat, 1992)
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Sand to city in 40 years Intensive rapid societal transition in every sense Outdated and incompetent Westerners High employee diversity Loss of UAE culture Geopolitical position & security issues
Complexity
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Almost exclusive use Western scholarship & curric dependency Knowledge transfer uni-directional Emiratis not taught UAE history (“golemisation” of history & scholarly trad’s) Arab scholars used to illustrate western adoption English replacement of Arabic (religious implications) Globalised educ. strong market model: Hidden curric. of capitalism & consumerism
Secular, ‘legal’, technical-rational principles Anglo-Saxon norms Efficiency, effectiveness
Sound decision-making Impersonal hierarchy
Religious – grounded in Muslim principles
Arabic cultures Service to society
Wisdom, judgment Personal interaction, family connections
Socio-cultural Impact
Globalisation/ Commercialisa tion
Sovereignty The “Reproductive” Role of Educational Institution
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre Design (Schumacher & Hadid)
Dubai Islands: 43 → 600 miles coastline
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Necrocapitalism – dispossession modified to “social” or “cultural” death (Banerjee, 2008) Cultural & intellectual colony Commodified education & culture Reproduces foreign socio-cultural & educ’l structures, governance, responsibilities, roles, practices
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