Artifact 4.4

January 14, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Science, Biology, Zoology, Entomology
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Description

Plecoptera: Stoneflies

Overview:  Introduction  Taxonomy  Characteristics  Reproduction/Life

cycle  Economic Importance

Plecoptera: “Pleco”:folded “Ptera”: Wings 

 



Hind wings fold under front wings when resting Often seen resting on stones Adults found around lakes and streams in cool, temperate parts of the world Nymphs live in cool, well aerated lakes and streams

•Small, ancient order of insects

•Earliest fossils from Permian Period Triassic: first mammals, first dinosaurs

Permian Period: Formation of Pangaea 286,000,000 yrs.ago

Taxonomy • The Plecoptera order is divided into three suborders: •Archiperlaria •2 Families •Filipalpia •8 Families •Setipalpia •4 families

Families and Species 

In North America: 9 Families 

465 Species



World wide: 15 families 

Over 2,000 species

Three Major Families: Perlidae: Common Stoneflies

Nemouridae: Spring Stoeflies Taeniopterygidae: Winter stoneflies

Family: Perlidae  

Common stoneflies Largest family 

Members most commonly collected

Perlidae 



Found in mountains of eastern and western North America Emerge into adult form in spring & summer

Nemouridae    

Spring emerging Small & brown Common in N. America “x” pattern of veination near apex of wings

Taeniopterydigae •Medium sized, dark bodies Emerge in winter-spring

Taeniopteryx: Common eastern and northern genus

Taenionema: common western group

Characteristics of Adults  



Most have wings Reduced or absent in some species Membranous

Three Tarsi and Two Claws

Cerci: long, multi-segmented

Long, segmented antenna

   

Mostly dull colored Flat bodies 4-60 mm long Hind legs not for jumping

Characteristics of Nymphs 



 



Body shape: flat and elongated Cerci: long and multisegmented Tarsi: 3 segments Thorax: Covered with large dorsal sclerites Gills: branched and fillamented. 

Sides of thorax and bases of legs

Nymphs Thorax covered by dorsal sclerites

Legs widely separated

Long, segmented Cerci

Reproduction & Life Cycle 

Males drum to attract females  

Frequencies are species specific Normal sequence: 



Male drums, female drums back, male moves closer and drums again, female responds, cycle continues until they meet and mate.

Eggs deposited then hatch in 3-4 wks. 

Eggs deposited either loose in the water or in a jelly in the water 

Over 1,000 eggs deposited

Nymphs  

Live in rivers and lakes Most have gills 



Herbivorous and some carnivorous 



All require dissolved oxygen Algae, diatoms, moss, immature mayfiles

Molt 12-36 times, 1-2 yrs. to mature 

Full grown nymphs move to shoreline to molt one last time into adulthood.

Adults: 





After emerging from water, fly or climb up nearby tree Some adults feed, some do not Non-feeding:  



Feeding species: 



Have fully formed eggs mate quickly… die a few days later

Females live for 4-5 weeks

Most males only live a few days

Drumming

Boathouse Mating

Adult

Nymph

Eggs

Economic Importance 



Indicate healthy streams and rivers Important food source for game fish like trout and bass

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