Autosegmental Phonology

AUTOSEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY A Prosodic Theory of Nonconcatenative Morphology

This approach to generative phonology was proposed by John Gold Smith in 1976. This theory was based on earlier ideas from several linguists: • Bernard Bloch (1948) • J. R. Firth (1948) • Charles Hocket (1955)

The autosegmental framework was originally used to describe tone in tone languages. G.N. Clements (1976) developed the theory involving vowel harmony and nasal harmony. Then John McCarthy (1979) built upon this theory extensively in the verbal derivation of Classical Arabic

Description of the framework:

 Each autosegmental tier contains a linearly ordered sequence of autosegments  Different features may be placed on separate tiers Various tiers are organized by association lines

root tier n (consonantal)

 q         l        move

Skeletal tier C     V  C    V C

Melody tier (vocalic)

       a

a

[naqal] he moved

[a] short vowel

 Autosegmental phonology deals with the consequences for generative phonology of multilinear phonological analysis and representation

The underlying and surface forms consist of parallel strings of segments arranged in two or more tiers Features are distributed over the various tiers No feature may appear on more than one tier

Some constraints:  Association lines never cross  Vowels link to vowels and consonants to consonants  A skeletal node can’t be linked to two different segments on different tiers

Similarities with the generative phonology:  Autosegmental phonology shares the assumption that we have an internal grammar and that phonology is an attempt to represent these abstract mental constructs.  Represents phonological processes in a formally simple way

Differences:  Autosegmental phonology investigates the consequences of having more complex structures and articulation than a linear string of segments can address  Autosegmenal phonology goes beyond the place and manner of articulation and focuses on stress, tone, and vowel and nasal harmony

 The analysis of phonological phenomena uses less features and changing rules. Instead, delete or reorganize the various autosegments through association lines

• John McCarthy proposed an important development by showing that the derivation of words from consonantal roots in Arabic could be analyzed autosegmentally. • In Arabic, words may be formed by modifying the root itself internally and not simply by connecting of affixes, root compounding, or conversion

How this theory works in real life: Learning to identify the root of the Arabic word is important. It will often help you guess the meaning of words, thus increasing your vocabulary and comprehension Possible semantic variation of the same root: One root of word and many other derivations by adding vowels, suffixes, and prefixes to the root ktb= write

adding suffixes(with vowels) kitabun a book kita:batun act of writing kutta:bun Quraan school

Autosegmental representation for the root ktb

root tier

k

t

b

(consonantal)

skeletal tier

c  v c  v c

Melody tier

 a   a

(vocalic)

katab=he wrote

a=short vowel

Arabic Patterns and roots Arabic Framework: Autosegmental representation in which features bundle for vowels and consonants were connected to C and V nodes on different tiers

 Root Tier: it’s consonantal segments, the meaning of lexeme (ktb= write;nql= move; fʕl= do)

 Skeletal Tier: a prosodic template associated with a particular meaning or grammatical function. For example: katab = CVCVC=CaCaC is an active pattern that means he wrote kutiba=CVCVC=CuCiC is an active pattern that means it was written

 Melody Tier: it involves grammatical information: tense, voice, aspect, number, derivational functions

Arabic Verbs System: Arabic verbs are structured around a root consisting of consonants only.

The trilateral root is based on 15 derivational categories called banyan The vowel patterns bear a consistent meaning such as CaCaC (this pattern is always for the perfective active) CuCiC (this pattern is always for the perfective passive)

Derivation Ⅰ: Template= CVCVC= Perfective active and passive Perfective active = CVCVC=CaCaC Perfective passive= CVCVC=CuCiC

root tier n (consonantal)

 q         l        meaning of lexeme move

Skeletal tier C     V  C    V C

Melody tier (vocalic)

       a

a

gramtical function active pattern cacac gramtical information  past tense moved

root tier (consonantal)

 q         l        move

Skeletal tier C      V C     V C

passive pattern CuCiC

Melody tier        u (vocalic)

passive voice   it was moved

 i

root tier f (consonantal)

 ʕ         l       

do

Skeletal tier C     V C     V C

active pattern CaCaC

Melody tier (Vocalic)

past tense      did

       a

  a

root tier (consonantal)

f

Skeletal tier

C      V C        V C

Melody tier (Vocalic)

ʕ

      u

 l       

  i

do

passive pattern CuCiC passive voice       it was done

What about affixes? How can we recognize them? How can we know they’re a part of the root or not?

Morpheme tier: McCarthy added an additional morpheme tier= μ node. Lexical representation of each morpheme in a word takes a separate tier The suffixes and prefixes take also μ nodes. In this way the root tier will provide all the information need to distinguish consonants from one another by point and manner of articulation like the following:

μ

Morpheme tier

root tier

k

t

b

skeletal tier

c  v c  v c

katab=he wrote

Melody tier

 a   a

a=short vowel

Morpheme tier

μ

nuqil=it was moved μ

Morpheme tier

Vocalic melody tier

u

Skeletal tier

  C

Root tier

  n

Morpheme tier

V

i

 C

 q

μ

V

  C

l 

naqlun=transit Morpheme tier (Nominative)

μ

Vocalic melody tier

a

Skeletal tier

C

Root tier

n

Morpheme tier

V

μ

C

C   

q

l

μ

u

    n

V

    C

a linear analysis for the Arabic examples:

A linear analysis is cumbersome and inelegant!

binit=girl Root tier b (Consonantal)

n          t

Skeletal tier

C     V    C    V   C

Melody tier (Vocalic)

        i

       i

binti:= my girl

i:= long vowel (my)

Morpheme tier

  μ

Melody tier (Vocalic)

i

μ      

 i

Skeletal tier

C    V    C         C       C    V

Root tier

b

Morphmeme tier

 n       t   

μ

ridʒil=leg Root tier (Consonantal)

r

dʒ         l

Skeletal tier

C     V    C    V   C

Melody tier (Vocalic)

        i

    i

ridʒli:= my leg

i:= long vowel (my)

Morpheme tier

μ

Melody tier (Vocalic)

i

μ

     

 i

Skeletal tier

C    V    C    V   C  C       C    V

Root tier

 r

Morphmeme tier

 dʒ      l   

μ

Conclusion: •Framework advantages include tone, vowel harmony, gemination, and compensatory lengthening •Based on the data we analyzed, this framework at this time is not sufficient to supplant other phonological theories, but provides a complementary analytical method to deal with specific phonological phenomena

Obligatory Contour Principle: Complication for this theory The geminate roots in Arabic don’t provide a satisfactory explanation for an empty slot Arabic allows roots of two, three and four consonants to be subject to the Obligatory Contour Principle This OCP states that identical H and L tones can’t be adjacent to each other

In 1986, McCarthy extended the OCP to all autosegmental melodies including consonantal and vocalic segments For biconsonantal root: CV template must be filled by adding a geminate consonant for the root. For example, ʃd is called a geminate root , so it will be ʃdd

For quadrilateral root, one to one association is possible. The causative past tense template is CVCCVCV. The word ɣlɣl means penetrate

 ʃ

 C

  V   a 

 d

 d

 C

 C 

ɣ    C

   V       a  

    l

ɣ

 C

C

  l V   

 C

V