Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815-1840

GROWING NATION (1780 – 1830) •POLITICAL GROWTH •National Government Structure, National Issues, Foreign Issues, Rising Nationalism v. Sectionalism

•PHYSICAL GROWTH •Westward Expansion, Frontier Settlers, Treaties, Territories & States, Immigration & Population Growth

•ECONOMIC GROWTH •American System, Industrial Revolution, Sectional Economies, Internal Improvements & Inventions

UNIT 4: Expansion, Growth & Change

• Political and Physical Growth – Jefferson / Madison / War of 1812 / Monroe Doctrine / Missouri Compromise

• Economic Growth – Madison / Clay / Industrial Revolution

• Political and Social Growth – Age of Jackson – Social Reform

ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AMERICA

• Tariffs and the National Bank – In 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years – James Monroe elected president (1816) begins the: ERA of GOOD FEELINGS • Period of growing economic, social and political stability and strength; increased national views on issues and less regional conflicts.

Clay Proposes the American System • House speaker Henry Clay proposes the American Economic Plan (System) to encourage a strong – expanding economy – NORTH (New England And North East regions encouraged to produce manufactured goods – SOUTH & WEST encouraged to based their economy on food, cotton Agriculture products – National Currency, Transportation increases trade – ALL Regions sustain the others, making U.S. economically independent

Henry Clay’s American Economic System

• North East – Manufacturing Factories FOOD

• Urban Cities

• North West – Agriculture • Food crops, livestock

COTTON

• South – Agriculture • COTTON KING

Henry Clay Proposes the

System

American

• Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests – James Madison’s plan to unite the country’s regions, create a strong, growing economy

• NEED 3 things for this to work - Protective Tariffs (Tariff Act of 1816) - Improved Transportation (national Rd - National Banking System (1816 - 2nd)

Clay Proposes the American System • Eric Canal and other Internal Improvements – Railroads not yet common use, first steam engine built in 1825 – Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for themselves – Federal Government funds highways to connect different regions – 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland, Md. To Vandalia, Illinois – Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie; Atlantic to Great Lakes – Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals by 1837

• ATLANTA – 1836 Georgia Assembly • Trade route from coast to the midwest • Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State of Georgia

– Colonel Stephen Harriman Long (engineer) • STAKE (Five Points) • TERMINUS • MARTHASVILLE • ATLANTA

Clay Proposes the American System Tariffs and the National Bank

• Madison proposes tariff on imports

Tariff of 1816 –

– Increase the cost of foreign goods – People more likely to buy american goods – Helps pay for improvements

• Northeast welcomes Tariff, South & West resent the higher prices – Clay, Calhoun sway congress from South & west to approve – Most leaders agree National Bank, National Currency benefits ALL

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815-1840 Changes in manufacturing launch an Industrial Revolution, Sectionalism continues to grow with Slavery and other issues divide the North and South, Andrew Jackson has popular appeal but uproots many Native Americans. Many Reform movements change the country.

Industrial Revolution Affects America • Great Britain Starts a Revolution – In 18th century, British first generate power from Streams, coal to produce Steam – Develop power-driven machines for mass production, build factories

• The Industrial Revolution in America st

1 Industrial Revolution – After Independence, U.S. income Water /primarily Steam from international trade (England) Textile Mills – Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo Act on 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut-Thread down trade Machine -Weaving Machine – Americans begin to invest in American Industries and New Businesses -Cutting Machine

• Mass Production – production of goods in large quantities (prices drop) • Industrial Revolution – social, political, economic reorganization (things change) – Machines replace hands tools – Large-scale factory production develops – Results: • Cities Grow • Urban Lifestyles • Social Mobility • Urban Problems GROW

New England Industrialization • Samuel Slater brings British Textile Mills technology to the United States – builds 1st Thread Factory in Powtucket, RI (1793) – Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages of cloth making (1813) – Build Weaving factories in Waltham, Mass. And Lowell, Mass. (Waltham System) – By late 1820’s, Lowell becomes a booming manufacturing center Factory System – Thousands, mostly young women, leave families to work in Lowell.

Henry Clay’s American Economic System

• North East – Manufacturing Factories FOOD

• Urban Cities

• North West – Agriculture • Food crops, livestock

COTTON

• South – Agriculture • COTTON KING

Manufacturing Revolution Changes America Regional Economic Differences Grow – The North and South develop different economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions

• By 1801, Eli Whitney pioneers use of interchangeable parts – Parts that are identical pieces used to assemble products

• First factory making Rifle parts

Two Economies Develop • Cotton is King in the South – Eli Whitney’s - Cotton Gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit – Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North – Poor nonslaveholding farmers go west to cultivate cotton – Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

Two Economies Develop • Slavery Becomes Entrenched – Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820’s demand for cotton and slaves increases

• 6,000 % Increase in the price of cotton – Increase in cotton parallels increase in slave population

Two Economies Develop • Agriculture in the NORTHWEST – Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate – Farms in North are smaller than South – Old Northwest: farmers raise 1 or 2 types of crops Grain Crops corn, wheat & Livestock • Sell farm products in city, buy other items

– Grains do not need much labor or yield great profit – need NO SLAVES – Northern Slavery dying out by late 1700’s • Most northern states abolish slavery by 1804

GROWING NATION (1780 – 1830) •POLITICAL GROWTH •National Government Structure, National Issues, Foreign Issues, Rising Nationalism v. Sectionalism

•PHYSICAL GROWTH •Westward Expansion, Frontier Settlers, Treaties, Territories & States, Immigration & Population Growth

•ECONOMIC GROWTH •American System, Industrial Revolution, Sectional Economies, Internal Improvements & Inventions

UNIT 4: Expansion, Growth & Change

• Political and Physical Growth – Jefferson / Madison / War of 1812 / Monroe Doctrine / Missouri Compromise

• Economic Growth – Madison / Clay / Industrial Revolution

• Political and Social Growth – Age of Jackson – Social Reform

Henry Clay’s American Economic System • North East – Manufacturing • Urban Cities

Factories FOOD

• North West – Agriculture

• Food crops, livestock

• South

– Agriculture

COTTON

• COTTON KING

• We build massive INFRASTRUCTURE – Road, Bridges, Highways, Canal, Railroads, etc…

Nationalism at Center Stage – Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion in the early 1800’s

Supreme Court Boosts National Power • Strengthening Government Economic Control – Gibbons v. Ogden • Federal government controls interstate commerce

– McCulloch v. Maryland • State cannot overturn laws passed by Congress

Supreme Court Boosts National Power • Limiting State Powers – John Marshall court blocks state interference in business, commerce – Fletcher v. Peck • Voids Georgia law violating right to make contract

– Dartmouth College v. Woodward • State cannot interfere with contracts

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Territories and Boundaries • Nationalism: national interests come before region, foreign concerns • Sec. of State – John Quincy Adams guided by Nationalism – Makes treaties with Britain on Great Lakes borders, territories

• Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onis Treaty – defines LA Territory Border – Gives up claim to Oregon Territory

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine • Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia pushing influence further South along the West Coast in North America with trading posts in California • Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe NOT to interfere in Americas – Western Hemisphere – We will NOT interfere with Europe

Nationalism Pushes America West Expansion to the West • Most Settlers go west for land, economic opportunity • Possible to change job – CHANGE YOUR DESTINY - FUTURE

“Crossing the Appalachians” • 1780 - 2.7 mill (13) 1830 - 12 mill (24) • Baby Boom (infant mortality rate high) • Median Age (17) - Trans-Appalachia young people looking for opportunity – Daniel Boone (Wilderness Road) Cumberland Gap (Tenn-Ky) – Thomas Pinckney Treaty (Spain) Lower Mississippi areas – Louisiana Purchase Territories • Lewis & Clark / Zebulon Pike

– Adams-Onis Treaty

• Slavery Issue – decided in the North West Territories NorthWest Ordinance of 1787 (north of Ohio River) – NOT decided in Louisiana Purchase Territories – 1819 Missouri applies as state “slavery hotly debated”

Nationalism Pushes America West The Missouri Compromise • When territories population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehood • Missouri Compromise preserves balance between non-slave & slave states – Maine admitted as Free State – Missouri admitted as Slave State – Divide Louisiana Territory at 36-30 line • Slavery legal SOUTH

• Samuel Slater (Textiles) – LOWELL, Mass. – WALTHAM, Mass.

• Eli Whitney – Interchangeable Parts – Cotton Gin

• Charles Goodyear – Vulcanized Rubber

• Elias Howe – Sewing Machine

• I.M. Singer – Foot Treadle (Sewing)

• Joseph Henry • Samuel F.B. Morse – Telegraph

• James Watts – Steam Engine

Transportation Changes • Robert Fulton – Steam Boat

• Others changes – Eric Canal – National Road (Hwy) • Cumberland Md.

• Rail Roads (Iron Horse) Agricultural Inventions • John Deere – Steel Plow (Horse v. Ox)

• Cyrus McCormick – Mechanized Reaper

Thomas Jefferson *R (1801-1809 ) Midnight Judges Marbury v. Madison Westward Expansion Louisiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Embargo Act of 1807 James Madison *R ( 1809 - 1817 ) War of 1812 Causes / Events Washington, D.C. Battle of New Orleans (A. Jackson) Treaty of Ghent James Monroe * R ( 1817 - 1825 ) Adams-Onis Treaty Nationalism – Sectionalism Era of Good Feelings American System National Growth Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise

John Quincy Adams *R 1824 election issues Andrew Jackson * Democrat New Campaign Style Jacksonian Democracy Spoils System (Patronage) Trail of Tears (Removal) States Rights (Nullification) Bank War Martin van Buren William Henry Harrison (Whig)

CHAPTER 8 – REFORM MOVEMENTS

• UNIT TEST – NEXT FRIDAY

Henry Clay’s American Economic System • North East – Manufacturing • Urban Cities

Factories FOOD

• North West – Agriculture

• Food crops, livestock

• South

– Agriculture

COTTON

• COTTON KING

• We build massive INFRASTRUCTURE – Road, Bridges, Highways, Canal, Railroads, etc…

ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AMERICA

• Samuel Slater (Textiles) – LOWELL, Mass. – WALTHAM, Mass.

• Eli Whitney – Interchangeable Parts – Cotton Gin

• Charles Goodyear – Vulcanized Rubber

• Elias Howe – Sewing Machine

• I.M. Singer – Foot Treadle (Sewing)

• Joseph Henry • Samuel F.B. Morse – Telegraph

• James Watts – Steam Engine

Transportation Changes • Robert Fulton – Steam Boat

• Other changes – Eric Canal – National Road (Hwy) • Cumberland Md.

• Rail Roads (Iron Horse) Agricultural Inventions • John Deere – Steel Plow (Horse v. Ox)

• Cyrus McCormick – Mechanized Reaper