Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

The Industrial Revolution was a change in the way goods were produced. For Example: • Human labor using simple hand tools is replaced by complex machinery.

Copy (Don’t answer): 1. In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin? 2. In 1700, the spreading of crops improved when Jethro Tull invented the ______. 3. What did Lord Turnip Townshend introduce? 4. T/F: It now took fewer people to produce more food.

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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

The Industrial Revolution was a change in the way goods were produced. For Example: • Human labor using simple hand tools is replaced by complex machinery. • It began in Britain and spread around the world. • Changed human life drastically • More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history

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The Industrial Revolution influenced people’s daily lives. Life Before 1750

Life After 1850

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People live in rural villages and work with their hands.

•

People live and work in industrial towns or cities.

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People grow their food or trade goods in the local market.

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Most buy food and clothing made elsewhere.

•

People travel by foot, horse, or sail.

•

They can travel by train or steamboat.

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These changes started in the farm fields. For example: A seed drill that planted seeds in rows more quickly.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

Agricultural Revolution Video Copy: 1. In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Britain 2. In 1700, the spreading of crops improved when Jethro Tull invented the ______.

Seed drill

3. What did Lord Turnip Townshend introduce?

4 crop rotation system 4. T/F: It now took fewer people to produce more food.

True

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The revolutions in agricultural contributed to a population explosion in Europe.

1700

1800

Britain

5,000,000

9,000,000

Europe

120,000,000

180,000,000

• Greater and more consistent food production reduced the risk of famine. • A better diet and later improvements in hygiene, sanitation, and medical care from the scientific revolution improved health.

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In the 1700s, Britain had skilled inventors, a ready workforce, and a growing population. To meet the growing demand for jobs and products, one more thing was needed:

capital, or money to start new businesses. capital is also needed to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mining, and manufacturing.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

New sources of energy played a key role in the Industrial Revolution. • In 1712 a steam engine was invented to pump water from mines. • By the 1770s, James Watt made the engine more efficient. • Watt’s engine became the power source to run factories, trains, and steamships.

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New inventions increased and sped up textile production in the 1700s. •

The flying shuttle made weaving faster.

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The spinning jenny spun several threads at once.

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The water frame used running water to power the process.

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The new machines posed a problem. How could farmers provide enough cotton to meet English demand?

• It took a long time to separate cotton fibers from cotton seeds, limiting production.

• In 1793, an American, Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin, which quickly did the job. • Cotton production soon increased exponentially.

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Improvements in transportation With increased production came a need for cheaper ways of moving products. Some entrepreneurs invested in turnpikes. Products traveled faster on these roads. England was soon linked by a series of roads.

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Improvements in transportation In 1763, the Bridgewater canal was opened.

The owners profited from the tolls, while the price of coal in the city of Manchester was cut in half.

This success set off a canal-building frenzy.

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Improvements in transportation Railroads had an even greater impact!

• In the early 1800s, inventors developed steam-powered locomotives.

• Locomotives could pull carriages along iron rails to places canals could not reach.

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The new technology set off a cycle that dramatically affected how people lived.

More affordable goods caused prices to lower.

Lower prices created more consumers and greater demand.

Greater demand led to new inventions and still more affordable goods.

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1. What did Eli Whitney invent?

Cotton Gin 2. List 3 improvements in transportation?

turnpikes, canals, steam locomotives 3. Assembly line?

Each worker has one task adding parts to a product on a moving belt.

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Urbanization and Industrialization

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The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization.

• Changes in farming, rising population, and the need for workers led people to migrate to cities. • Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron mines grew. • Manchester, England, was a center of the textile industry. Its population grew from 17,000 people in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.

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The cities where the working class lived were crowded, dark, dirty, and smoky. • The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in multistory buildings packed into slums. • They had no running water, only community pumps. • Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in the streets, creating a terrible stench.

• Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating drinking water.

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The heart of the industrial city was the factory. The rapid pace of industrialization increased productivity. But imposed a harsh new way of life on workers.

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Workers in the early factories labored in unpleasant and unsafe conditions. In rural villages people worked hard, but work varied by the season. They controlled their own work pace.

• In factories, the work pace was strictly set. Shifts lasted twelve to sixteen hours. • Tired workers were easily hurt by machines with no safety devices. In textile factories, air was polluted with lint.

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Working conditions in the mines were even worse than in factories. Miners earned more than factory workers, but conditions were more dangerous.

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Crippling coal dust filled miners’ lungs.

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Cave-ins, floods, and explosions were constant risks.

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Miners worked long hours in darkness.

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Child labor was an accepted practice.

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Most children began work at age seven or eight.

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Nimble-fingered, small, and quick, they crept into machines to change spools or repair thread.

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They worked in dust- and lint-filled rooms.

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Children in mines worked in the dark and dampness for long hours, often doing hard labor.

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Organizations such as labor unions were illegal. Workers tried to organize secretly, but they lacked a political voice and were powerless to affect change.

Frustration at times turned to violence: •

Between 1811 and 1813, textile workers rioted.

•

Groups smashed laborsaving machines that were replacing workers.

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Since the 1800s people have debated whether industrialization was a blessing or a curse. Conditions in factories and mines were harsh. Pay was low. Workers lived in unsanitary, crowded slums.

Workers later gained the vote. Wages rose in time. As the cost of products fell, standards of living rose.

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Over the next century, technology quickly changed people’s lives.

anesthetics

• Pain could be reduced during surgery and other procedures.

telegraph

• Messages could instantly be sent over long distances.

sewing machine antiseptics

• Machines could stitch far faster than a seamstress. • Reducing infections saved lives.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

Industrial Age Economic Ideas Some praised individual rights, whereas socialists focused on the good of society in general. Capitalism: Individuals should own and operate the means of production for profit.

Socialism: The people as a whole should own and operate the means of production for the general good.

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German philosopher Karl Marx had his own ideas. He formulated a new theory that he called “scientific socialism.”

Marx’s ideas evolved into communism, a system in which governments led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life. Russia embraced his ideas.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.