Bell Work

Bell Work • What do you think it means to be industrialized? Can you give an example of a country that is, and one that is not?

The Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 (But really ongoing)

Map of LDCs-- MDCs

LEARNING TARGETS • I can explain the causes of the Industrial Revolution • I can analyze how society changed because of the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution • The slow shift in production from simple hand tools to complex machines. – A shift from an agricultural to a manufacturing economy (primary to secondary sector) – A shift from rural to urban

Causes • Improved farming methods – Crop rotation, turnips to restore soil, seed drill, crossbreeding of livestock – Enclosure: open farmlands enclosed into more productive fields.

• New technology – James Watt – steam engine- became the key power source of the IR. – Improved iron- used for the construction of machines and steam engines

The Seed Drill

The Steam Engine

World’s First Iron Bridge, 1779

The Textile Industry • “The Cottage Industry” – the world’s first mechanized industry • High demand for cloth – raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove thread into cloth in their homes. – Small wages for workers, big profits for entrepreneurs.

Textile Industry Inventions • John Kay – flying shuttle • James Hargreaves – spinning jenny • Richard Arkwright – water frame – Main Idea: New machines were too big for homes. New buildings were built to house them. – “Factories” – located near rivers • Power, transportation

– Production increased exponentially. Completely changed the economies and societies of Europe.

The Transportation Revolution • First steam locomotive: 1804 – traveled 2.5 mph • 1829-The Rocket – 16 mph, but still killed a member of the British Cabinet not paying attention on its debut • World’s first railroad: The Liverpool-toManchester opened in 1830. • By 1860, trains were moving 60mph.

Urbanization • New farming techniques and mass production of goods put farmers and skilled craftsman out of work. • Migrated to factory towns in search of work. – City population exploded • Ex: Manchester: 17,000 in 1750; 70,000 by 1800

– Living conditions horrible – Overcrowding, entire families slept in 1 room slums – No police, fire, health, water, or sanitation services

Living Conditions • Sewage ran through the streets • “Londoners living near the Thames River kept their doors and windows closed year-round due to the smell of the river” • The Romantic poet Lord Byron was known to “relieve himself” in hotel hallways because bathrooms were so dirty.

Indoor Bathrooms aka Earth Closets

LORD BYRON

Life in Factories • 12-16 hour workdays • No mandatory breaks • No safety devices on machines • No disability or workers comp or insurance…if you got sick or injured, you just lost your job

• Employers preferred women and children workers: • Paid them less • Easier to manage • Smaller hands