Big Era Seven Overview

Big Era Seven Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE

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Contents under pressure…I wonder what’s inside?

A package! I love packages! 2

The Modern Revolution

Communication Democratic Fossil Revolution Politics Fuels

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The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels

Democratic Politics

Communication Revolution

Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together? 4

For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

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World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

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World Population in Big Era Seven But the growth was not equal everywhere!

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Millions

1750

1850

1900

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World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.

Year

Population in % of World Millions Population

1750

141

19.3

1850

292

25.0

1900

482

30.0

For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

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Growth of the Population of Boston

1690 - 7,000 158%

1790 - 18,038

3,010% 1900 - 560,892 9

Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

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Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier

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Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750

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Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750

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Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia 1820-1930 55-60,000,000

Africans to the Americas 1811-1870 1,900,000

Asians overseas 1850-1920 2,500,000 14

But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.

And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

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Small wax candle, 800 BCE

5 watts

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Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE

100,000 watts 17

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels

Democratic Politics

Communication Revolution

That’s in the Package!

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The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear 19

By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood…

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and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy…

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People could produce more efficiently.

Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

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In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

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And travel more quickly.

Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 26

And travel more quickly

George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829

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The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven

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The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation

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The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

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Russia

U.S.A. Egypt

India

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Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies

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Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies 32

Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone!

And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

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New economic ideas • People should be able to buy and sell land freely.

• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. • People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776). 34

New economic ideas • People should be able to buy and sell land freely.

• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. • People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?

Sounds great!

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Standardize weights and measures.

Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs.

Improve public health. 36

Metric system 1790

Transcontinental railroad 1869

Antiseptic medicine 1867

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In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than ever before in people’s lives.

And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too!

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New political ideas: •People should be free to choose their government. •Government should protect people’s liberties. Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense

•People should have equal rights.

(1775) 39

New political ideas •A nation should be free to choose its government. Sounds democratic!

•Government should protect people’s liberties. •People should have equal rights.

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The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels

Democratic Politics

Communication Revolution

It’s in the package too!

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Governments wrote constitutions. Governments created representative institutions. Governments promoted education.

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United States Constitution 1787 French National Assembly 1789 Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869 43

What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves?

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United States 1776 Haiti 1791

Change the government! The Atlantic Revolutions

France 1789 Venezuela 1811

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United States 1776 Haiti 1791

In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism.

France 1789 Venezuela 1811

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Ascendancy of Liberalism What was it in the th 19 century?

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Ascendancy of Liberalism

Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent? • Rational thought and behavior • Civil freedoms and legal equality • Rule of law • Constitutional and limited government • The right to vote and be educated • Technical and scientific progress • Free market economy • Nationalism that advances the community of nations

• Enhancement of state power and centralization • Increased state military and police power • State-managed social welfare • More efficient taxation • State economic management • Larger-scale economic enterprise • Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized • Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism 48

Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism?

Mahmud II 1808-1839

Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 William Gladstone 1868-94

Porfirio Díaz 1876-1911

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So much was changing so fast…

How could people keep up?

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People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

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The Steamboat Communication Railroad Revolution Transatlantic cable Newspaper

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The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km 53

Railway Development in Europe

1840

1850

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Railway Development in Europe

1880

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Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

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The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels

Democratic Politics

Communication Revolution

Communication! It’s in the package!

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The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. $3,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $2,000,000.00 $1,500,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $500,000.00 $0.00

1700

1820

1870

1913

World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990 58

Powerful , but not equal.

The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage.

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The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center. 70 60 50 40

Eur./N.A Asia

30 20 10 0

1700

1820

1870

1913

Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia 60

After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…

India, 1877 61

and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,

India, 1877 62

not to where it was needed most.

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And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

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And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

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Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898

Sudanese dead, 10,000 British dead, 48 66

The European Moment

Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: •1800 •1878 •1914

35% 67% 88%

But . . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80 yrs

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Egypt

Russia

Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments.

Japan

Mexico

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Modernize the army. Egypt

Modernize the economy.

Japan

Maintain independence.

Russia

Mexico

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The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels

Democratic Politics

Communication Revolution

But the Modern Revolution comes in a package!

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The Modern Revolution

Communication Democratic Fossil Revolution Politics Fuels

Once you open the package, you open the whole thing!

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People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,….

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also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution.

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And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.

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And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package.

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The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels

Democratic Politics

Communication Revolution

I get it!

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The Modern Revolution promises many things to many people.

No wonder the package is under pressure!

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And once the package is opened,

the whole world jumps in!

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Big Era Seven

The End 81