BSc-Geology-Syllabus-01122015

Revised Common Framework of CBCS for Colleges in Andhra Pradesh (A.P. State Council of Higher Education) Table-7: B.Sc., SEMESTER – I Sno

Course

1

First Language (Tel/Hin/Urdu/Sans…) Second Language English Foundation Course - 1 HVPE (Human Values & Professional Ethics) Foundation course -2 Communication & Soft Skills -1 DSC 1 A (Group Sub- 1) DSC 1 A Lab Practical

2 3

4

5 6 7 8 9 10

Total Marks 100

Mid Sem Exam* 25

Sem End Exam 75

Teaching Hours 4

Credits 3

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

50

0

50

2

2

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 2 A (Group Sub- 2) DSC 2 A Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 3 A (Group Sub- 3) DSC 3 A Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Total

750

-

-

30

25

Note: For Science Domain Subjects which had no lab practical component earlier (eg. Mathematics) the following format is applicable. They, however, will have co-curricular activities (eg. Problem solving sessions etc.). The total marks will change accordingly for such combinations. For example for Maths, Physics and Chemistry the total marks will be 700. DSC (without Lab Practical)

100

25

75

6

5

*Mid sem exam at the college (The marks split between Formal Test and Co-curricular activities may be decided by the University concerned). End Sem Exam by the Univ.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 1

*Practical component will not be applicable to those science subjects which had no such component earlier (ex. Mathematics) **Syllabus size shall be in accordance with the number of teaching hours Table-8: B.Sc., SEMESTER – II Sno

Course

1

First Language (Tel/Hin/Urdu/Sans…) Second Language English Foundation course - 3 Environmental Sci Foundation course – 4A ICT – 1 (Information & Communication Technol) DSC* 1 B (Group Sub- 1) DSC 1 B Lab Practical

2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

Total Marks 100

Mid Sem Exam 25

Sem End Exam 75

Teaching Hours 4

Credits 3

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

50

0

50

2

2

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 2 B (Group Sub- 2) DSC 2 B Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 3 B (Group Sub- 3) DSC 3 B Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Total

750

-

-

30

25

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 2

B.Sc. Table-9: B.Sc., SEMESTER – III

Sno

Course

1

First Language (Tel/Hin/Urdu/Sans…) Second Language English Foundation Course - 5 Entrepreneurship Foundation course -2B Communication & Soft Skills -2 DSC 1 C (Group Sub- 1) DSC 1 C Practical

2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

SEMESTER – III Total Mid Sem Marks Exam 100 25

Sem End Exam 75

Teaching Hours 4

Credits 3

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

50

0

50

2

2

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 2 C (Group Sub- 2) DSC 2 C Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 3 C (Group Sub- 3) DSC 3 C Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Total

750

-

-

30

25

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 3

Table-10: B.Sc., SEMESTER – IV

Sno

Course

1

Foundation Course – 2C* Communication & Soft Skills -3 Foundation Course – 6* Analytical Skills Foundation Course - 7 ** CE (Citizenship Education) Foundation course – 4B ICT – 2 (Information & Communication Technol) DSC 1 D (Group Sub- 1) DSC 1 D Lab Practical

2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

SEMESTER – IV Total Mid Sem Marks Exam* 50 0

Sem End Exam 50

Teaching Hours** 2

Credits 2

50

0

50

2

2

50

0

50

2

2

50

0

50

2

2

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 2 D (Group Sub- 2) DSC 2 D Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 3 D (Group Sub- 3) DSC 3 D Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Total 750 30 25 *To be taught by English Teachers (and partly by Maths/Stat Teachers) ** To be taught by Telugu Teachers

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 4

Table-11: B.Sc., SEMESTER – V Sno

Course

1 Skill Development Course – 1 (University’s Choice) 2 DSC 1 E (Group Sub- 1) 3 DSC 1 E Lab Practical

Total Marks 50

Mid Sem Exam 0

Sem End Exam 50

Teaching Hours 2

Credits 2

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 2 E (Group Sub- 2) DSC 2 E Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 3 E (Group Sub- 3) DSC 3 E Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Elective -1*: DSC 1 F / Inter-disp Elective-1 Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Elective*-2: DSC 2 F / Inter-disp Elective-2 Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

100

25

75

4

3

13

Elective*-3: DSC 3 F / Inter-disp Elective-3 Lab Practical

50

0

50

2

2

14

Total

950

-

-

38

32

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

6th (F) paper of each of the domain specific subjects (2nd paper of semester V) may preferably be an Elective. More than one Elective may be offered giving choice to students. The Electives may be of Domain (applied/specialization) or Inter-disciplinary in nature. The number of Electives may be decided (along with the syllabus) by the University concerned keeping the feasibility of conduct of University examinations in view.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 5

Table-12: B.Sc., SEMESTER – VI Sno

Course

1 Skill Development Course – 2 (University’s Choice) 2 DSC 1 G (Group Sub- 1) 3 DSC 1 G Lab Practical

Total Marks 50

Mid Sem Exam 0

Sem End Exam 50

Teaching Hours 2

Credits 2

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 2 G (Group Sub- 2) DSC 2 G Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

DSC 3 G (Group Sub- 3) DSC 3 G Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Elective -4*: DSC 1 H / Inter-disp/Gen Elec Elective-4 Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

Elective*-5: DSC 2 H / Inter-disp/Gen Elec Elective-5 Lab Practical

100

25

75

4

3

50

0

50

2

2

100

25

75

4

3

13

Elective*-6: DSC 3 H / Inter-disp/Gen Elec Elective-3 Lab Practical

50

0

50

2

2

14

Total

950

-

-

38

32

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

*8th (H) paper of each of the domain specific subjects (2nd paper of semester VI) may preferably be an Elective. More than one Elective may be offered giving choice to students. The Electives may be of Domain (applied/specialization) or Inter-disciplinary or General in nature. The number of Electives may be decided (along with the syllabus) by the University concerned keeping the feasibility of conduct of University examinations in view. Total Credits for a B.Sc. Course: 164

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 6

Final Reviewed copy Approved - (GEOLOGY) Three year B.Sc Geology CBCS Revised Curriculum (With Effective from 2015-2016) Course: B.Sc S. No

Semester

Subject: Geology Title of the Paper

1 Semester-I 2 3 4

5 6

7

8

P-I- Physical Geology & Crystallography Lab-I Physical Geology & Crystallography Semester-II P- II- Mineralogy& Optical Mineralogy Lab-II Mineralogy & Optical mineralogy Semester-III P-III- Igneous petrology & Sedimentalogy Lab-III Igneous petrology & Sedimentalogy Semester-IV P-IV- Metamorphic Petrology & Structural Geology Lab-IV Metamorphic Petrology & structural Geology Semester V P-V- Indian Geology & Palaeontology Lab-V Palaeontology Elective-VI- a) P-VI-a).Economic Geology (or) Lab- VI- a) a)Economic Geology Elective-VI-b) P-VI-b). Ground Water Exploration Lab- VI – b) b) Ground Water Exploration Semester-VI P-VII- Mineral Exploration and Mineral Economics Lab-VII Mineral Exploration Elective-VIII- a) P-VIII- a) Mining Geology & Ore Dressing (or) Lab- VIII- a) a) Mining Geology & Ore Dressing (or) Elective-VIII- b) P-VIII-b) Environmental Geology Lab- VIII- b) b) Environmental Geology

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

Hrs./week

Credits

4 2 4 2 4 2 4

Max. Marks 75+25 50 75+25 50 75+25 50 75+25

2

50

2

4 2 4 2 4 2 4

75+25 50 75+25 50 75+25 50 75+25

3 2 3 2 3 2 3

2 4

50 75+25

2 3

2 4 2 48

50 75+25 50 1200

2 3 2 40

3 2 3 2 3 2 3

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

7

CBCS -B. Sc. GEOLOGY Syllabus With effective from 2015-16

SEMESTER- I

Paper- I - Physical Geology &Crystallography Unit -I General aspects. Definition of geology - Basic assumptions of Geology - Its relationship with other sciences - Branches of geology - Aim and applications of geology. Earth as a planet: its shape, size, and density - movement and their effects. Origin and age of the earth. Geological process - exogenic and endogenic. Definition of weathering - types of weathering of rocks - Physical and chemical; Definition of erosion and denudation, cycle of erosion; erosion, transportation and deposition; agents of erosion. (12 hrs) Unit-II Rivers: Erosion, transportation and deposition of river (fluvial) cycle in different stages -Development of typical land forms by river erosion and deposition. V - Shaped valley, meander, ox-bow lake, flood plane, pedeplain and deltas. Types of rivers. Groundwater: Storage of ground water - porosity, permeability, aquifer, water table, zone of saturation, artesian well, springs, geysers, sinkhole, cavern, Stalactities and stalagmites. Glaciers: Definition of a glacier - types of glaciers - development of typical land forms by glacial erosion and deposition – cirque, U - shaped valley, Rocks-monadnocks. Morains, drumline, kames, eskors. Characteristic features of glaciated regions (12 hrs) Unit-III Seas: offshore profile - land forms of sea - marine deposits and coral reefs. Lacustrine deposits. Global climatic changes. Wind: Development of characteristic features by wind. Wind erosion and deposition, pedestal rock - mushroom topography - Incelberg - Ventifacts -sand dunes.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

8

Earthquakes: Cause, kinds of earthquake waves, and mode of propagation, intensity of earthquakes, Ritchers scale - seismograph and seismogram. Effects of earthquakes - Interior of the earth based on seismic theory. Volcanoes: origin, products of Volcanoes. Continental Drift & Plate tectonics: Theory of Plate tectonics – nature and origin of ocean floor. (12hrs) Unit-IV Definition of a crystal - amorphous and crystalline states. Morphology of Crystals - face, edge, solid angle, interfacial angle. Forms: Simple, combination, closed and open forms. Symmetry: Plane, axis, center. Crystallographic axes. Parameters,indices; crystallographic notation - parameter system of Weiss, index system of Miller. Classification of crystals into systems. Morphological study of the following classes of symmetry I. Cubic system – Galena type II. Tetragonal system - Zircon type

(12 hrs)

Unit-V Morphological study of the following classes of symmetry III. Hexagonal system - Beryl type IV. Trigonal system - Calcite type. V. Orthorhombic system - Barites type VI. Monoclinic system - Gypsum type VII. Triclinic system - Axinite type Text books: 1. Holmes Principles of Physical Geology 2. An Introduction to Crystallography

-

D.L. Holmes R.C. Phillips

Reference Books: 1. Basic Physical Geology 2. Physical Geology 3. A textbook of mineralogy 4. A book of Physical Geology 5. Physical Geology

-

E.S. Robinsion B.F. Mallory and D.N. Gargo E.S. Dana and W.E. Ford A K Datta A.N. Stracher

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

9

LAB-I (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of First semester

Practical-I- Physical Geology & Crystallography Interpretation of morphmetric data/drainage systems and identification of geomorphological features in topographical maps. Study of important geomorphological models. Study of symmetry and form of the Normal classes of seven crystal systems of the following: I. Cubic system – Galena type II. Tetragonal system – Zircon type III. Hexagonal system – Beryl type IV. Trigonal system – Calcite type V.

Orthorhombic system – Barites type

VI. Monoclinic system – Gypsum type VII. Triclinic system – Axinite type

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

10

SEMESTER- II

Paper-II- Mineralogy & Optical Mineralogy Unit - I Definition of a mineral - classification of minerals into rock forming and ore forming minerals. Physical properties of minerals - Colour, streak, transparency, lustre, form, hardness, tenacity, cleavage, fracture and specific gravity. Silicate structures- isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism, allotropy, Pseudomorphism and radioactivity Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups: Olivine, Garnet and Aluminium silicates. (12 hrs) Unit-II Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups: Pyroxenes, Amphiboles and Mica (12 hrs) Unit-III Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups: Quartz and its varieties, Feldspars, and feldspathoids Miscellaneous: Staurolite, Tourmaline, Zircon, Calcite, Corundum and Apatite. (12 hrs) Unit-IV General Principles of optics, Refraction, Reflection Snell’s law, Critical angle, total reflection. Isotropic and anisotropic minerals. Polarised light, refractive index, double refraction, uniaxial and biaxial minerals – Nicol prism and its construction. (12hrs) Unit-V Petrological microscope (Polarising) - its mechanical and optical parts – optical properties of Minerals - extinction, pleochroism and interference colours. Optical Properties of important minerals (12hrs)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

11

Text books: 1. A textbook of mineralogy 2. Rutleys elements of mineralogy 3. Elements of Crystallography

-

Reference Books: 1. Manual of mineralogy 2. Mineralogy for students 3. An introduction to rock forming minerals 4. Elements of mineralogy 5. Essential of Crystallography -

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

E.S. Dana and W.E. Ford. H.H. Reed F.A.Wade and R.B.Matrix

C.S. Hurlbut and C.Klein M.H. Batey. Deer, Howie, and zussman. Mason and Bern. E. Flint.

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy 12

LAB-II (Practicals)

50 Marks

At the end of Second semester

Practical-II- Mineralogy and Optical mineralogy Study of physical properties and diagnostic features of the following mineral: Quartz Jasper, Agate, Chalcedony, Amethyst, Orthoclase, Microcline, Anorthite, Enstatite, Hypersthene, Augite, Hornblende, Actinolite, Tremolite, Asbestos, Muscovite, Biotite, Phlogopite, Olivine, Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite, Beryl, Zircon, Apatite, Corundum, Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Flurospar and Serpentine.

Study of optical properties of the following minerals: Quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Plagioclase, Hypersthene, Augite, Tremolite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Olivine, Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Beryl, Calcite, Chlorite, sillimanite and Leucite.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

13

III-SEMESTER

Paper- I I I - Igneous Petrology and Sedimentalogy Unit-I

Nature and scope of petrology - definition of rock, classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Distinguish features of three types of rocks. Forms -Lava flows, Instrusions, sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes, ring dykes vesicular, amygdaloidal, block lava, ropy lava, pillow, flow, and sheet structures. Columnar and prismatic structures (12hrs) Unit-II Textures - Definition of texture, micro-structure, devitrification - Hypidiomorphic, pandiomorphic, porphyritic, poikilitic, ophitic, intergrartular, intersertal, trachytic, graphic and micro-graphic textures. Classification of igneous rocks - CIPW and Tyrrell tabular classification. Descriptive study of the following rock types: Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Pegmatite, Gabbro, Pyroxenite, Dunite, Dolerite, Rhyolite, Trachyte and Basalt (12hrs) Unit-III Composition and constitution of magma - Crystallisation of magma Unicomponent, binary system, eutectic and solid solutions. Origin of igneous rocks - Bowen's reaction principle, differentiation and assimilation of magma. (12hrs) Unit - IV Sources of sediments - mechanical and chemical weathering, modes of transportation, stratification. Sedimentary structures - Types of bedding, surface marks, deformed bedding, solution structures. (12hrs) Unit-V Classification of sedimentary rocks; clastic - rudaceous, arenaceous, argillaceous, non-clastic -- calcareous, carbonaceous, evaporities. Descriptive study of the following sedimentary rocks - conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Gritt, Arkose, Shale and limestone. (12 hrs)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

14

Text books 1. Principles of petrology 2. Sedementary Rocks

-

G.W. Tyrrell F.J.Peettijohn

Reference Books: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Igneous Petrology A Text book of sedimentary petrology Petrology of the sedimentary rocks Petrology of the igneous rocks

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

-

Hyndman Verma & Prasad J.T. Greehsmith F.KHatch, Wells and Wells.

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

15

LAB-III (Practicals)

50 Marks

At the end of Third semester

Practical- II- Igneous Petrology and Sedimentalogy Megascopic and microscopic study of the following igneous rocks: Dunite,Perodotite, Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Gabbro. Dolerite, Rhyolite, Basalt and Pegmatite. Megascopic and microscopic study of the following sedimentary rocks: Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Arkose, Gritt, Shale, Limestone and its varieties.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

16

IV-SEMESTER

Paper-IV- Metamorphic Petrology and Structural Geology Unit-I

Metamorphism - agents of metamorphism, types of metamorphism, grades and zones of metamorphism. Structures of metamorphic rocks - Cataclastic, maculosc, schistose, granulose and gneissose. Textures of metamorphic rocks- crystalloblastic, xenoblastic. (12 hrs) Unit-II Classification of metamorphic rocks. Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks. Thermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous rocks. Dynamothermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and igneous rocks. Descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks - Gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite, quartzite, marble, Charmockite and khondalite. (12 hrs) Unit-III

Definition of structural geology - aim and objectives of the structural Geology; importance of study of structures - primary and secondary structures; outcrop, attitude of beds – strike and dip. Use of clinometer and Brunton compass. Folds -description, nomenclature of folds - Geometrical and genetic classification. Recognition of folds in the field. (12 hrs) Unit-IV Joints- Classification of Joints - geometrical and genetic classification. Faults – geometrical and genetic classification of faults, recognition of faults in the field. (12 hrs) Unit-V Unconformities - types of unconformities. Recognition of unconformities in the field. Distinguishing the faults from unconformities. Definitions of overlap, outlier, cleavage, schistosity, foliation and lineation (12 hrs)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

17

Text books 1. The principles of petrology 2. Metamorphic petrology 3. Structural Geology

-

G. W. Tyrrell B. Bhaskar Rao Marlarid. F. Billings.

Reference Books: 1. Petrology of Igneous and Metamorpic rocks. Hyndman 2. Structural Geology L.U. De Setter 3. An outline of structural Geology E.S. Hills

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

18

LAB-IV (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Fourth semester

Practical- IV: Metamorphic Petrology and Structural Geology Megascopic and microscopic study of the following rocks: Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble, slate, phyllite, charnockite and khonodolite. Study of topographical maps: Interpretation of simple geological maps with horizontal and inclined beds. Unconformity, folds and faults with reference to the topography and structure, geological succession and history. Geological Section drawing (at least 8 maps) Problems dealing with true dip and apparent dip. Bore-hole data thickness and width of the outcrop and dip of the beds (At least 8 problems for each method).

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

19

SEMESTER-V

Paper- V- Indian Geology & Palaeontology Unit-I Stratigraphy - Principals of stratigraphy. Lithosratigraphy and bio stratigraphy.

Standard geological time scale, Physiographic divisions of India. Brief study of type area, distribution in India, lithology, fossil content and economic importance of the following systems - Dharwar system, Cuddapah system, Vindhyan system, Kurnool system. (12 hrs) Unit-II Gondwana system, Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of Trichinopoly, Deccan Traps and their Age, Siwaliks with vertebrate fossils. (Brief study of type area, distribution in India, Lithology, fossil content and economic importance of the systems) (12 hrs) Unit-III Definition of Palaeontology, Branches of Palaeontology, conditions of fossilization, modes of preservation and uses of fossils. Index and zone Fossils. Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of Corals and Brachiopoda. Fossils: Calceola, Zaphranthis, Terebratula, Spirifer, Rhynchonella, and Productos, (12 hrs) Unit-IV Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of Gastropods, Cephalopoda and Lamellibranchia; Fossils: Turritella, Natica, Physa, Conus, Pecten. Gyphaea.Arca, Cardita, Nautilus. Ammonoids, Ceratites, Bellemnites. (12 hrs) Unit- V Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of Trilobita, Echinodermata, Graptolites and Plant fossils. Fossils: Calymene, Paradoxide, Cidaris, Micraster, Hemiaster, Monograptus, Diplograptus, Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, Ptylophyllum and Lepidodendron. (12 hrs)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

20

Text books: 1. Invertebrate Palaeontology 2. Geology of India & Burma

- Henry Woods. - MS Krishnan

Reference Books: 1. An introduction to palaeontology - Jain, P.C etal. 2. Principals of stratigraphy - Dunbars & Rodgers. 3. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphiy - Ravindra Kumar

LAB-V (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Fifth semester

Practical V-Palaeontology Drawing and description of invertebrate and plant fossils as per the list mentioned in the theory syllabus. Classification, morophology and geological distribution. Fossils: Cidaris, Micraster, Hemiaster. Cerethium, Terebratula, spirifer, Rhynchonella, Products, Turritella, Natica, Physa, Pecten, Gryphaea, Arca, Cardita, Nautilus, Ammonodis, Ceratites, Bellemnites, Calymene, Paradoxide. Corals. Plant fossils glossopeteris, gangamopteris and ptylophyllum.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

21

SEMESTER-V - Elective Paper-VI

Paper-VI (a): Economic Geology Unit-I Definition of Economic geology, mineral resources and mineral deposits, importance of economic minerals and rocks, definition of ore - ore minerals, gangue minerals and industrial minerals. Classification of mineral deposits - Bateman's classification modified by Jensen. Processes of formation of mineral deposits – magmatic concentration, metasomatism, hydrothermal, residual, mechanical concentration, supergene enrichment, sublimation and evaporation. (12 hrs) Unit-II Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc and aluminium, with respect to their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence, origin and distribution in India. (12 hrs) Unit-III Iron, manganese, chromium, uranium and thorium with respect to their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence, origin and distribution in India. (12 hrs) Unit-IV Distribution of industrial minerals in India for the following industries – Refractories, fertilisers, Abrasives, cement, glass and Ceramic. Fossil fuels: Occurrence, origin and distribution of Coal and petroleum deposits. (12 hrs) Unit-V Atomic minerals - Uranite, Pitchblende, Beach sands - Monozite, Ilmenite, Rutile and Zircon and their use. Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh. (12 hrs)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

22

Text Books: 1. Economic Geology 2. Ore deposits of India

-

A.M. Batman Ghokale and Rao

Reference Books 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Industrial Minerals Deb Indian mineral resources S. Krishnaswamy An Introduction to the Ore Geology A.M.Evans Geology & mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh N.V.B.S. Dutt Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh Dr. P.K Ramam LAB-VI (Practicals)

50 Marks

At the end of Fifth semester

Elective Practical VI a)- Economic Geology Megascopic study of economic minerals: mode of occurrence, distribution in India and uses. Haematite, Magnetite Pyrite, Pyrolustie, Psilomelane, Chalcopyrite, Malachite, Azurite, Bauxite, Chromite, Galena, Sphalrite, Magnesite, Gypsum, Asbestos, Steatite, Graphite, Monazite, Illmenite, Zircon, Fluorite, Baryte, Corundum, Topaz, Calcite, Kaolinite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Garnet and Mica. Preparation of Maps showing distribution of metallic and non-metallic deposits of India.

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

23

SEMESTER-V- Elective Paper-VI

Paper-VI- (b): Ground Water Exploration Unit-I Hydrogeology - Scope and application of Hydrogeology. Hydrological Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration, Transpiration. Evapotranspiration. Ground Water: Origin and Occurrence of ground water, Vertical distribution of sub-surface water, zone of aeration-soil water, vadose water, capillary fringe. Zone of saturation - water table. Perched water table. Recharge and discharge areas. (12 hrs) UNIT-II

Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude, Aquifuge. Properties of Aquifer - porosity, retension of water in rocks, yield of water from rocks (specific yield and specific retension), Darcy’s law, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, velocity of groundwater flow, storage co-efficient. Types of aquifers: confined, semi-confined, unconfined. Homogeneous, Heterogeneous. Isotropic and Anisotropic aquifers. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks as aquifers. (12 hrs) UNIT-III

Quality of Ground Water - Physical, chemical and Biological characteristics of groundwater. Suitability of groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. Pollution of Ground Water; Pollution in relation to urban, industrial and Agricultural sources. Brief account of saline water intrusion. (12 hrs) UNIT – IV

Ground Water Investigations: Scope of investigations, Methods of groundwater explorations. Brief account of Geologic, hydrogeologic, Geobotanical investigations, Introduction to Remote Sensing techniques. Geophysical Exploration: Basic principles of Geophysical exploration methods - Electrical methods - Schlumberger and Wenner configuration, Resistivity profiling and Vertical Electrical Soundings. (12 hrs) Unit-V

Management of Groundwater, Groundwater balance, recharge, (natural and artificial) and discharge. Safe yields and over draft. Cojunctive use of surface and groundwater. Utilization of groundwater. Groundwater resource evaluation-water table fluctuation method and rainfall infiltration method. Ground water provinces of India. Concept of water shed management. (12 hrs)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

24

Text Books: 1. Groundwater hydrology 2. Hydrogeology

-

D.K.Todd K.R.Karanth

Reference Books: 1. Apphed Hydrogeology 2. Hydrogeology 3. Ground Water

- Fetter. - S.N.Davis and R.J.M.Dewiest - H.M.Raghunath

LAB-VI (b) (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Fifth semester

Elective Practical VI ( b) - Ground Water Exploration Calculation of porosity and permeability from the given data Chemical analysis of Water. Estimation of pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in water Classification of ground water for use in drinking and irrigation purposes Preparation and interpretation water table maps Well inventory data collection Electrical resistivity survey Observation of satellite imagery maps for geological and hydro geological purposes

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

25

SEMESTER-VI

Paper- VII- Mineral Exploration and Mineral Economics Unit-I Scope of mineral prospecting and exploration. Prospecting criteria and guides structural, lithological and staratigraphical guides. Geochemical prospecting – primary and secondary dispersion – Geochemical association and path finders. (12 hrs) Unit-II Geophysical Exploration - brief description and application of gravity method gravimeters. Brief description and application of magnetic method - magnetometers. Brief description and application of seismic method - geophones. (12 hrs) Unit-III Brief description and application of electrical method - Resistivity meter. Brief description and application of radioactive method - G-M Counter and, Scintillometer. Photogeology – Aerial photographs, Remote sensing and Aerial photography techniques used in mineral exploration. (12 hrs) Unit-IV Sampling Technique: Definition of sampling, Methods of sampling – Channel, chip, grab, car, groove, wagon, Pitting and trenching and drill hole sampling. Coning and quartering. Estimation of ore reserves. (12 hrs) Unit-V Principles of mineral Economics. Classification of mineral deposits. National Mineral policy. Mineral concession Rules. Mineral conservation and substitution. Status of mineral production in India. (12 hrs) Text Books: 3. Mining Geology 3. Principles of mineral dressing

-

Reference Books: 2. Mineral Economics 1. Geological Prospecting & Exploration

-

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

-

McKinnstry A.M. Gaudin

-

R.K.Sinha & N.L.Sarma. V. M. Kneiter

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

26

LAB-VII (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Sixth semester Practical- VII- Mineral Exploration Estimation of ore reserves: Bedded type and vein type (Extended area and included area methods problems) Sieve analysis problems- calculation of standard statistical parameters based on sieve analysis data Sampling Techniques – Preparation of composite sample of sediment by coning and quartering methods

Field work: Submission of Dissertation / Field Report. Study of toposheets and field work in the neighbouring areas and also other places of geological importance.

Note: Field training camp: Ten days during vacation/ Working Days (Compulsory)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

27

SEMESTER-VI Elective Paper-VIII

Paper-VIII- (a): Mining Geology and Ore Dressing Unit-I Mining methods- Classification of mining methods; criteria for selection of mining method.

(12 hrs) Unit-II Brief description of quarrying, open cast mining methods - Stepping and Bench forms, Transport, Earth movers. Mine explosives. Brief description of alluvial mining- panning, Longtome, Rockers and Ground sluicing. (12

hrs) Unit-III Underground mining methods- Shafts, Cross-cuts, Tunnels, Mine ventilation, Mine supports, Drainage, Pumping, Mine Haulage. Stopping methods in mining. Mining hazards and Safety measures. (12 hrs) Unit-IV Mineral Processing- necessity and advantages of concentration. Ore dressing techniques- Crushing, Grinding, Jigging, Froth flotation method, Gravity separation, Heavy fluid separation, Magnetic separation method and Sieve analysis. (12 hrs) Unit-V Drilling methods - Rotary drilling, Percussion drilling, Diamond drilling, Churn drilling, Cable tool drilling and Auger drilling.

(12 hrs) Text Books: 1. Courses in mining geology 2. Mining geology

-

R.N.P.Arogyaswamy McKinnstry

Reference Books: 1. Geological prospecting and exploration 2. Mineral economics

-

V.M.Kneiter R.K.Sinha& N.L.Sarma

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

28

LAB-VIII (a) (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Sixth semester

Elective Practical VIII a)- Mining Geology and Ore Dressing Exercises on mine sampling and determination of tenor and estimation of ore reserves Study of ore and industrial minerals collected in mines. Preparation of mine plan Separation of ore and gangue minerals Seperation of magnetic and non magnetic ores Heavy mineral seperation

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

29

SEMESTER-VI Elective Paper-VIII

Paper-VIII- (B): Environmental Geology Unit-I Scope and Concept of environmental geology - environmental awareness - Role of Geologist in environmental protection and planning. A brief study of water and air pollution. (12 hrs) Unit-II Land use planning: Soils, Types and Classification of soils - Site selections - Waste disposal - environmental effects, Waste recycling - Land cover - Application of remote sensing. (12 hrs) Unit-III Mining impact on the environment - Health hazards - Mineral resource depletion. Environmental considerations in location and construction of dams, reservoirs and tunnels. (12 hrs) Unit - IV

Geological Hazards - floods, shifting of river courses - land slides - earthquakes Prediction and Protection. Man made hazards. (12 hrs) Unit - V Beach erosion - sedimentation - coastal zone protection & Management – coastal engineering constructions - their effects and remedial measures. Land slides- causes and preventive measures. (12 hrs) Text Books: 1. Environmental Geology 2. Environmental Geology

-

D.R.Coats E.A.Keller

Reference Books: 1. Environmental Geology 2. Environmental Geology

-

C.W. Montgeomery K.S.Valdiya

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

30

LAB-VIII (b) (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Sixth semester

Elective Practical VIII b) - Environmental Geology Soil testing – determination of pH and EC of the soil Estimation of erosion and sedimentation of soils Grain size analysis Chemical analysis of surface and sub surface water and sediments Collection of Industrial polluted water and determine the heavy metals in polluted water Graphical representation of water analysis data and classification of waters

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

31

MODEL QUESTION PAPER ( For all Semesters) B.Sc.,GEOLOGY Time: 3hours

Max.Marks:75

Section A Answer any Five questions, each question carry 5 Marks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 Section B Answer all questions, each question carry 10 Marks

5x5=25 marks

5x10=50 marks

UNIT - I 9(a) Or (b) UNIT - II 10(a) Or (b) UNIT – III 11(a) Or (b) UNIT - IV 12(a) Or (b) UNIT -V 13(a) Or (b)

1.Prof.V.Veeraiah

2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy

3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy

32