ch 5.1-5.4 Ancient Greece

Early Greece Chapter 5 Section 1 Pages 127-132

3 Major Periods of Ancient Greece Civilizations

1. Early Civilizations: Minoans (Crete) and Mycenae (mi se ne) 2. Classical Greece (flourishing of arts, literature, philosophy; domination by Sparta and Athens) 3. Hellenistic Age: Macedonia Empire and Alexander the Great

Crash Course The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5 - YouTube

Early Greece Main Idea

The earliest cultures in Greece, the Minoans and the Mycenaean's, were trading societies, but both disappeared and were replaced by Greek city-states. Reading Focus • What were Minoan and Mycenaean cultures like? • What were the common characteristics of Greek citystates?

• What role did stories of gods and heroes play in Greek culture?

What are the characteristics of Ancient Greece’s geography?

Geographic Features

1.Sea: heavy influence on physical environment of Greece (Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea) 2.Mountains (with narrow valleys): cover more than ¾ of Greece’s surface area and islands: more than 2000 islands (Crete being the largest)

3.No major rivers on Greek mainland but fertile soil 4.Climate: winter= mild climate; summer= hot climate with rainfall from October to March = long growing season

Resources and Crops RESOURCES • grain • fine cheese made of goat’s milk • timber • wild game • wool of sheep = cloth MOST IMPORTANT CROPS • olives = oil • grapes = wine • grain • clay = pottery

Effects of Geography

• Seafaring tradition: reliance on navy and fleets for power and protection • Sea provided link to trade and cultural exchange with Mediterranean communities • Isolationism: protection but lack of effective communication • Greece was organized into polis (independent city states) separated by seas and rugged mountains • Emergence of dominant city states (Athens, Sparta)

Ancient Greece

Minoans and Mycenaeans Many parts of early Greek history are still a mystery, but we do know that two distinct cultures developed in early Greece. The Minoans of Crete • Minoan civilization developed as early as 3000 BC • Lasted nearly 2,000 years • Minoan ships sailed over Aegean Sea, possibly farther

Excavations at Knossos • Much of Minoan life revealed by excavations – Solidly constructed buildings – Private rooms

• Colonies established on dozens of Aegean islands

– Basic plumbing

• Ships filled with trade goods sailed back and forth between Crete and her colonies

– Artwork shows life tied to sea, women as priests, dangerous games

– Brightly colored artwork

Palace of Minos at Knossos (K-NOSS-oss) • Knossos-most powerful monarch for Minoans • Palaces controlled all agricultural goods and products by storing in large storerooms • Palaces became the centres of exchange for Minoan economy • Palaces had dozens of interconnecting rectangular rooms on two or more storeys which were grouped around a large open courtyard (administrative and religious)

Minoan Culture

• • Art work (drawings, murals or frescoes) at Knossos shows dangerous sports such as leaping over the backs of charging bulls as well as dancing, athletics, and festivals

Myth of the Minotaur

• Minoan Myth of King Minos at Knossos • Theseus defeats the Minotaur (half man half bull) and escapes from the maze like structure called the labyrinth, saving the youth of Athens

Speculation • Much history of Minoan civilization result of guesswork, speculation – Historians cannot read Minoans’ writing, Linear A. – Does not appear to be related to languages of mainland Greece

• Until writing deciphered, most knowledge will come from art, objects

Rapid Decline • Minoan civilization fell apart rather suddenly, possibly from disaster. – Large eruption of volcanic island near Crete may have affected worldwide weather patterns. – Damage to Minoan ports, crops may have weakened society • Minoans conquered by warlike Mycenaeans

THEORIES FOR DECLINE OF MINOANS • 1750 BCE- earthquake destroys Minoan palaces • 1628 BCE- volcano erupts at Thera • 1400 BCE- War between Minoans and Myceaneans led to decline of power

Enter the Mycenaeans c. 1700 – 600 BCE • 1490 BCE- Minoan palaces had been rebuilt however all were destroyed except at Knossos by Mycenaean warriors • Mycenaeans took control of Crete at Knossos by 1500 BCE • Myceneans controlled mainland Greece = main political centre was Mycenae • More interested in war as pottery and grave sites reflect hunting, weapons, armour and war as well as fortified palace walls • Slowly Minoan culture and traditions disappeared

Mycenaeans The Mycenaean States

First Greeks

• Mycenaeans built small kingdoms, often fought with each other

• Mycenaeans considered first Greeks, spoke form of Greek language

• Name comes from fortress, Mycenae

• Earliest kingdoms owed much to Minoans

Minoan Influences • Mycenaeans traded with Minoans, copied writing

Mycenaean Differences

• Became great traders

• Society dominated by intense competition, frequent warfare, powerful kings

• Trade increased after they conquered Crete

• Kings taxed trade, farming to build palaces, high walls

Mycenaean Strengths and Downfall Mycenaean Strength

• To show off strength, Mycenaeans built great monuments like Lion’s Gate • Kings’ constant quest for power, glory inspired legends • Most famous, story of Trojan War Trojan War • War supposedly involved early Greeks, led by Mycenae, who fought powerful city called Troy, in what is now Turkey • War may not have happened, but ruins of city believed to be Troy Downfall • War played part in end of Mycenaean civilization, as did drought, famine • By end of 1100s BC, Mycenaean cities mostly in ruins; dark age followed • Greek civilization almost disappeared

Taxes build Monuments Lions Gate

THEORIES FOR DECLINE OF MYCEANEANS (Dark Ages)

• Shift in climate leading to drought forcing Myceanans to migrate to more fertile lands. • Increased fighting amongst Myceaneans cities. • Tribe of nomadic warriors from north of Greece (Dorians) destroyed Mycenaeans • Lost use of writing. • Greek civilization will almost disappear.

Compare and Contrast How were Minoan and Mycenaean cultures similar? How were they different? Answer(s): similar—both were trading states; different—Mycenaean writing has been translated; Mycenaeans had frequent wars

Greek City-States A new type of society emerged in Greece in the 800s BC. The society was centered on the polis, or city-state. Each polis developed independently, with its own form of government, laws and customs. Life in the Polis

• Polis, center of daily life, culture • Greeks fiercely loyal to their polis • Did not think of selves as Greeks, but as residents of their particular city-state

Infrastructure

Other Attributes

• Polis built around high area, called acropolis

• Shops, houses, temples near agora

• Acropolis used as fortification

• Gymnasium, athletes’ training grounds, public bath

• Included temples, ceremonial spaces • Agora, public marketplace, below

• Sturdy wall for defense surrounded polis

Political Systems of Greek City-States Each major polis had a different political system that developed over time. •

Corinth, an oligarchy, ruled by a few individuals

•

Athens, birthplace of democracy

•

Sparta, one of mightiest city-states, but least typical

The Might of Sparta Beginnings • Sparta located on Peloponnesus, large peninsula of southern Greece • First surrounded by smaller towns; over time Sparta seized control of towns • After conquering town of Messenia, Spartans made Messenians into helots Helots • Helots were state slaves given to Spartan citizens to work on farms so citizens did not have to perform manual labor. • As result, Spartan citizens free to spend time training for war War • Spartan emphasis on war not due to fondness for fighting, but as way to keep order in society • Helots outnumbered Spartans seven to one, kept in check by strong army

Spartan Government: Democratic Timocratic Monarchial Oligarchy • Government ruled by a Council= made up of 2 kings (aristocracy) and 28 nobles (over age of 60) who made most political decisions and foreign policy and was supreme criminal court • Assembly of the Spartiate (democracy)- Spartan males over the age of 30 who could veto and approve decisions made by Kings and Council • 5 Ephors (oligarchy)- led the council, ran the military and educational system and could veto any ruling made by the Council or Assembly • •Spartan government was considered one of the most stable in all of Ancient Greece = led to a warrior and military state (state above individual) • Aries- God of war was a patron god of the city, of wars, battles, and warriors, and also of fearlessness in battle.

Daily Life in Sparta MEN • At 30 men became citizens and could vote in Assembly, marry, own a house • Educated in reading, fitness and use of weapons • Boys started military training at the age of 7; joined military at age of 20; end of military service at the age of 60 • Soldiers given land which was farmed by the helots \WOMEN • Girls taught reading and writing • Participated in running and wresting, foot races, staged battles • Wives of Spartan soldiers supervised farms • Expected and driven to produce strong and healthy children and be loyal to the state • Spartan women could own and control property but held no political rights SLAVES • •Slaves were called helots (agricultural slaves / peasants) made up 2/3 of population = defeated Messenian peoples

Militaristic State To support their military lifestyle, the Spartans demanded strength and toughness. All babies were examined after birth and unhealthy children were left in the wild to die. Combat School

• Boys taught physical, mental toughness by mothers until age 7 • Entered combat school to toughen for hardships of being soldier • At age 20 boys became hoplites, foot soldiers; remained in army 10 years before becoming citizens

Women in Society

• Unusual among Greek citystates • Women played important role • Trained in gymnastics for physical fitness, to bear strong children

• Women had right to own property, unlike women in most of Greece Sparta was led by two kings who served as military commanders. Decision-making was largely left to an elected council of elders.

Identify Cause and Effect Why did Sparta’s political system develop? Answer(s): Because of Sparta's emphasis on war; it was led politically by two kings who served as military commanders.

Gods and Heroes Legends and Myths

The Gods of Olympus

• Much of what is known about early Greece comes from studying Greeks’ legends, myths

• Ancient Greeks believed in hundreds of gods, goddesses; each governed one aspect of nature, life

• Myths, stories told to explain natural phenomena, events of distant past

• Example: Apollo controlled movement of sun; sister Artemis did same for moon

• Greek myths explained where they came from, how they should live, cope with uncertain world

• Greeks believed gods would protect them, city-states in exchange for proper rituals, sacrifices

Mount Olympus • 12 gods, goddesses were particularly influential in Greek lives • These 12 lived together on Mount Olympus, highest mountain in Greece • Olympian gods thought to have great power, though not perfect • Myths say gods flawed, often unpredictable—loved, hated, argued, made mistakes, got jealous, played tricks on each other

Worship • Almost all Greeks worshipped same gods • Each polis claimed one god, goddess as special protector • Example: Athens sacred to Athena • Some locations considered sacred by all Greeks

Sacred Locations • Delphi sacred to all Greeks—priestesses of Apollo were thought to receive visions of future • Olympia—every four years Greeks assembled there for Olympic Games; athletes competed against each other to honor gods

Myths about Heroes Hercules and Theseus • Greeks also told myths about heroes, used to teach Greeks where they came from, what kind of people they should be • Some heroes, like Hercules, who had godlike strength, renowned through all Greece

• Others, like Theseus, who killed Minotaur of Crete, famous chiefly in home cities

Lessons • Heroes killed monsters, made discoveries, founded cities, talked with gods on equal terms

• Examples inspired individuals, whole city-states, to achieve great things • Hubris, great pride, brought many heroes to tragic ends • Served as lessons not to overstretch abilities

Describe

What role did mythology play in Greek culture? Answer(s): explained natural phenomena; taught Greeks where they came from and how to act

Grog 5.1 (5 Points) Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by listing details about the Greek polis, its typical features, its government, and its role in Greek society.

The Classical Age Chapter 5 Section 2 Pages 134-141

The Classical Age Main Idea

The Classical Age of ancient Greece was marked by great achievements, including the development of democracy, and by ferocious wars. Reading Focus • What were the characteristics of Athenian democracy? • How did the Greeks manage to win the Persian Wars? • What advances were made in the golden age of Athens? • What led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War?

Bell Ringer 5.2 (5 Points) Write a short paragraph-length legend about a hero, real or imaginary. As you write, think about what kind of life lesson readers could learn from your legend

Athenian Democracy The prosperity of Athens was due in large part to its stable and effective government. That government was the world’s first democracy, a form of government run by the people.

Beginnings

Reform

• Athens, birthplace of democracy

• Most Athenians poor, had little power over lives

• Not always democratic city

• Gap between rich, poor led to conflict

• First ruled by kings • Later ruled by aristocrats who had money and power

• Official named Draco reformed laws

Draconian Laws • Draco thought way to end unrest was through harsh punishment • Belief reflected in Draco’s laws • Harshness of laws worsened dispute between classes

Solon and Peisistratus Revision of Draconian Laws

Peisistratus

• 590s BC, lawmaker Solon revised laws again, overturned Draco’s harshest laws

• Solon’s laws relieved tension for a time, did not resolve it • Tensions flared again after a few decades • 541 BC, politician Peisistratus took advantage of conflict, seized power • Peisistratus a tyrant • Claimed to rule for good of people • Violent but popular • People liked fact that he pushed aristocrats out, increased trade

• Outlawed debt slavery; tried to reduce poverty by encouraging trade • Allowed all Athenian men to take part in assembly that governed city, serve on juries

• Only wealthy men could run for, hold political office

Cleisthenes Cleisthenes took over Athens after Peisistratus • Reforms set stage for Athenian democracy • Cleisthenes broke up power of noble families – Divided Athens into 10 tribes based on where people lived – Made tribes, not families, social groups, basis for elections – Each tribe elected 50 men to serve on Council of 500, proposed laws – Each tribe elected one general to lead Athenian army

The Nature of Athenian Democracy • As democracy, Athens ruled by the people, but not all people able to take part in government; only about 10 percent of total population • Only free male Athenians over age 20 who had completed military training allowed to vote • Women, immigrants, children, slaves had no role in government Athenian Government • Those allowed to take part in government expected to: – Vote in all elections – Serve in office if elected

– Serve on juries – Serve in military during war

Height of Democracy Three Main Bodies • Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies— • Assembly • Council of 500 • Courts

Council of 500 • Created by Cleisthenes • Wrote laws to be voted on by full assembly

Assembly • Included everyone eligible to serve in government • All present voted on laws, all important decisions • Called direct democracy

• • • •

Courts Complex series of courts Members could number up to 6,000 Chosen from the assembly Heard trials, sentenced criminals

Special Roles Elected Officials • Most governing done by assembly

• Some elected officials had special roles • Among elected officials, generals who led city in war • Another elected official, the archon

Archon • The archon acted as head of both assembly, Council of 500 • Archons elected for term of one year, but could be reelected many times • Public servant, could be removed from office, punished if failed to serve people well

How effective was Athenian Democracy? • Ancient Athens is often referred to as the cradle of democracy • Democracy flourished during the Golden Age of Athens (4th Century BCE) under Pericles Direct Democracy= All the male citizens would gather, discussed the issues, and then voted on them. • However, Athenian democracy was flawed. Only male citizens were allowed to take part in running the government (made up approx. 10% of population). Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from public affairs. The policy of ostracism also created some instability as the Assembly could exile a speaker / leader by vote if they feel they are too powerful

Analyze What were the key features of Athenian democracy? Answer(s): direct democracy; only certain men could vote; consisted of assembly, Council of 500, and court system

Athens vs. Sparta

Extra Credit Slide 46-60 Read all slides Complete Slide 49(Athens Vs Sparta chart) Use this chart to help you answer 3 of the 5 questions on Slide 60. Turn in chart and 3 answers on 1 piece of paper. 1 Test point for each question. Do all four and get 5 points

How would people describe your country’s…

• • • • • • •

Government Education Social Structure Allies Military Strength Lifestyle Cultural Achievement

Comparison Activity • In groups you will complete a chart comparing different features of Athens and Sparta • In groups of 2 you will create a chart comparing: – – – – – – – – – – –

Location Government Education Social Structure Allies Military Strength Lifestyle Cultural Achievement Role of Women Food Population

Athens

Sparta Population / Location Government Social Structure Allies/Military Lifestyle/Values

Education Role of Women Cultural Achievement Food

Population Athens By 432 B.C. largest citystate – 150,000 Athenians – 50,000 aliens and 100,000 slaves

Sparta • 8,000 adult males • Over 100,000 slaves and semi-enslaved people

Government Athens

• Direct democracy • Elected officials including 10 generals, magistrates • Council of 500: administer decision made by Assembly • Assembly: all male citizens; passed laws • Trial by jury

• • • • •

•

Sparta Oligarchy: rule by few Combination of different forms of gov. Two kings: led army 5 Overseers: ran day-to-day operations of Sparta; had veto power Senate: 28 men over 60; elected for life; acted as judges; proposed legislation Assembly: all Spartan males

Social Structure Athens • Freemen: all male citizens • Upper: Aristocrats – Land owners – Naval captains and military leaders

• • • •

Middle: small farmers Lower: craftsman Metics: foreigners Slaves: treated less harshly than other Greek city-states

Sparta • Spartiates: Land owning military professionals • Perioeci: foreigners who were craftsman, artisans • Helots: serfs (farmers) who worked on the Spartiates land – Gave 1/2 of all their produce to Spartiates / military

Allies/Military Sparta Athens • Delian League: collection • Peloponnesian League: • Superior army on land of city-states that pledged loyalty to Athens • Entire culture was focused on the art of war – Athens taxed them for protection

• Athens had very strong navy

Peloponnesian War

Lifestyle / Values

• • • • •

Athens Democratic values Participation in government a civic responsibility Many religious holidays Theatre / sporting events Trading empire brought contact with many other cultures

Sparta • Militaristic values • Citizens were not permitted to own luxuries • Children were taught to respect elderly, women, and warriors

Education

•

• • •

Athens Schools taught reading, writing and mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics Ages 5-14 (wealthy went until 18) Academies were set up to study philosophy, rhetoric, and ethics Girls were taught homemaking skills

Sparta • Boys: at age 7 they were taken from their parents and taught the art of war – Had to steal to survive – At age 20 they entered the military – At age 20 they were able to marry

• Girls: at age 7 they were reading and writing, gymnastics, athletics and survival skills

Role of Women Athens

• Women were kept at home • Could not participate in athletics • Some women held high posts at religious ceremonies

Sparta

• Girls were educated • Could participate in sports • Goal was to produce healthy babies • Married at 18 • Enjoyed a great deal of freedom • Could own and control their property • Expected to protect land while husband was at war

Cultural Achievement Athens

• Art – Sculptures – Pottery

• • • • • • • •

Architecture Drama Literature Philosophy Science Medicine Mathematics Democracy

Sparta

• Military supremacy • Simple lifestyle • “ideal” community

Food Athens • Enjoyed food from all over the empire • Trade brought goods from all over the Mediterranean region

Sparta • Spartan Broth: pork, blood, salt, vinegar • Trained to dislike luxuries and fancy food • Men lived separate from wives for much of the time

Discussion • •

• •

•

If you were a young teenage girl of the citizen class, in which city-state would you rather live? Why? If you were a slave, in which would you rather live? Why? If you were a boy of the citizen class, in which would you rather live? Why? If you were a young soldier, in which would you rather live? Why? If you were a very wealthy person of the citizen class, in which would you rather live? Why?

The Persian Wars In the early 400s BC, the Greek city-states came into conflict with the vast Persian Empire, a larger, stronger opponent.

Causes of the Conflict

Revenge

• Roots of Persian Wars lay in region of Ionia, in what is now Turkey

• Ionian Greeks asked fellow Greeks for help

• Ionian city-states founded as Greek colonies, fell under Persian rule, 500s BC

• Persians put down revolt

– Ionian Greeks unhappy with Persian rule – Wanted independence – Rebelled, 499 BC

• Athens sent aid, ships – Revolt made Persian emperor Darius angry enough to seek revenge

– Planned to punish Ionians’ allies, especially Athens, by attacking Greek mainland

Why did the Persians invade Greece?

In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian Greeks. In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the mainland Greeks to help them rebel against the Persians.

AGH!

Those Greeks will pay for this We’re on the way

Help!

Athens sent warships to help them, but they were not strong enough to defeat the Persian army.

The made the Persian King, Darius, very angry with Greece.

First Invasion The First Persian Invasion • 490 BC, Persians set out to fulfill Darius’s plans for revenge • Fleet carrying tens of thousands of Persian troops set out for Greece

• Came ashore near town of Marathon, not far from Athens Persian Retreat • Warned in advance, Greeks arrived at Marathon, caught Persians unloading ships, charged in phalanx, tight rectangle formation • Persians counterattacked, more Greeks closed in, Persians retreated Marathon • Legend says Athenian messenger ran from Marathon to Athens after battle to announce Greek victory; died from exhaustion after delivering message • Legend inspired modern marathon, 26-mile race commemorating dedication, athleticism

In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade Greece. He wanted to punish the Athenians for helping the rebels. The Persian army landed at Marathon, north of Athens, in 490 B.C.

The Persians greatly outnumbered the Greeks. The Persians were amazed at the strong will of the small Athenian force. They had no horses or archers, only fierce foot soldiers.

After a few days, the Persians decided to attack Athens by sea.

Persian Empire

Athens

Marathon

Sparta

While they were loading their ships, the Athenians attacked and defeated them. The Persians Retreated.

Phalanx

Marathon The Greeks sent their fastest runner Pheidippides to carry home news of the victory.

He sprinted 26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state of Athens. He arrived and said, “Rejoice, we conquer,” and died from exhaustion The Marathon race is named after this event.

Preparations for a Second Invasion • • • • •

Greek victory at Marathon shocked both Greeks, Persians Athenians could not believe they had defeated stronger foe Persians humiliated, furious Darius planned second invasion, but died before invasion launched Son Xerxes vowed revenge, continued to plan attack on Greece

Xerxes • 480 BC, 10 years after first invasion, Xerxes set out for Greece • Hundreds of thousands of soldiers, sailors, animals, weapons, supplies

• Greek accounts say Persian army so huge took week to cross bridge built into Greece

Athenians • Faced with invasion, Athenians called on other Greek citystates to help fight off Persians • Athens, bitter rival, agreed to help • Had recently built large navy, took charge of Greek fighting ships • Sparta took charge of Greek armies

What Happened at Thermopylae? The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a temporary victory. He encouraged the Athenians to build up their fleet and prepare for battle with the Persians. In 480 B.C. Darius’ son Xerxes sent a larger force to conquer Greece. He sent 200,000 soldiers and nearly 1,000 ships. By this time Athens had convinced Sparta to join them in battle. Twenty Greek citystates joined together to meet the Persian invaders. Sparta took charge of the army.

Persia Invades Greece

The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through northern Greece. It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae, there 7,000 Greeks waited for the Persians. For several days they stopped the Persian army from moving forward Someone led the Persians behind the Greek army, the Spartan soldier began to retreat to their ships as the Persians marched forward.

A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae. They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days. They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get in behind the army. They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.

Who won at Salamis? The Persians marched south after their victory at Thermopylae and destroyed the city of Athens. Thermopylae

The Athenians had already moved to Salamis, a small nearby island.

More than 800 Persian ships attacked the Athenian navy near the island.

Salamis

Athens

The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water. The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.

Second Invasion and Aftermath The Greeks worried that they would not have time to prepare their troops for battle. To slow down the Persians, a group of Spartans and their allies gathered in a mountain pass at Thermopylae, through which the Persians would pass to get into Greece. The Second Persian Invasion

• Spartans held off entire Persian army for several days

• Persians shown alternate path through mountains; were able to surround, kill Spartans • Spartans’ sacrifice bought time for Greeks’ defense

After Thermopylae

• Persians marched south to Athens, attacked, burned city; needed fleet to bring additional supplies • Athenian commander lured fleet into narrow strait • Greek warships cut them to pieces

Persian army was no longer a match for the Greeks; and within a year the Greeks had won the Persian Wars.

Sequence What events led to the Greek victory in the Persian Wars? Answer(s): Athens and Sparta allied to fight the Persians; Spartans held off the Persians at Thermopylae, allowing Athens to prepare; Persian supplies were cut off when the Greek fleet destroyed their ships; Spartans led the Greek army to defeat the Persians at Plataea

The Golden Age of Athens As leaders in the Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta became the two most powerful, influential city-states in Greece. After the wars, Athens entered a golden age as the center of Greek culture and politics. Alliance

• After Persian Wars city-states banded together to defend each other, punish Persia • Largest, richest of alliance members was Athens

Delian League

Increased Influence

• Alliance’s treasury kept on islands of Delos

• Some members resented Athenian dominance

• Alliance known as Delian League

• Members who tried to quit attacked by league fleet, forced back into alliance

• Athens controlled ships, money • League grew in membership, power

• League became Athenian empire

Rebuilding Athens A City in Ruins • People wanted to rebuild Athens after Persian Wars • Some money for rebuilding came from within Athens

• Substantial amount came from treasury of Delian League Collective Funds to Rebuild • Other members of League not happy Athenians used collective funds to rebuild city, but none powerful enough to stop Athens • Rebuilding began at top, with acropolis, series of grand temples Height of Culture • Grandest temple, Parthenon, dedicated to goddess Athena • Athenians expanded port, built new roads, constructed high walls around city • Rebuilt Athens considered height of Greek culture, sophistication

The Age of Pericles Much of the rebuilding of Athens was due to one man— Pericles, a skilled politician and gifted public speaker.

Pericles • 460s, elected one of Athens’ generals, became Athens’ most influential politician • Great champion of democracy – Introduced payment for those who served in public offices, on juries – Encouraged Athenians to introduce democracy elsewhere

Patron of the Arts • Commissioned building Parthenon, other monuments

– Hired artists, sculptors to decorate them • Wanted Athens to be most glorious city in Greece – Believed it had best government, noblest people, monuments to prove superiority

Life in the Golden Age Trade brought great wealth to Athens. •

Merchants from other parts of world moved to city, bringing own foods, customs

•

Athens very cosmopolitan as result

–

Grand festivals, public celebrations, events

–

Athletic games and city theaters

–

Athens was the heart of Greek culture

Draw Conclusions What made the 400s a golden age in Athens? Answer(s): trade brought great wealth; cosmopolitan city; city rebuilt; center of Greek culture and politics

The Peloponnesian War As the leader of the Delian League, Athens was the richest, mightiest polis in Greece. Being rich and mighty brought many powerful rivals, the greatest of which was Sparta, which wanted to end its dominance. Peloponnesian League

• Sparta head of Peloponnesian League, allied city-states • Formed 500s BC, to provide protection, security for members

Tension Built

Tensions built between Delian, Peloponnesian Leagues • Mutual fear led to war between Athens, Sparta

War

• Athens feared military might of another league • Sparta feared loss of trading • 431 BC, the two declared war • Lasted many years

The Course of War War in Greece • Initially neither side gained much advantage • Sparta, allies dominated land; Athens, allies dominated sea • Athenians avoided land battles; neither side won more than minor victories Plague and Peace • 430, 429 BC, plague struck Athens, changed course of war • Pericles, Athens’ leader through beginning of war, among dead • After plague, fighting heated up until truce in 421 BC Sparta’s Victory • 415 BC, war broke out again; Sparta took to sea as well as land, destroyed Athenian fleet; Athens surrendered 404 BC • Peloponnesian War almost destroyed Athens; Sparta also exhausted by war

Cycle of Warfare After victory, Sparta’s army tried to act as Greece’s dominant power • Sparta’s wealth, resources badly strained, power worn down • Spartans could not keep control of Greece

• City-state of Thebes defeated Sparta, could not maintain control either • Struggle for power led to long cycle of warfare that left all Greece vulnerable to attack • 340s BC, Macedonia, Greek-speaking kingdom to north, swept in, took control of all Greece

Identify Cause and Effect What caused the Peloponnesian War? Answer(s): mutual fear; Sparta feared Athens would stop it from trading, Athens feared the military might of the Peloponnesian League

Grog 5.2 (5 Points) Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by identifying the causes and effects of the Persian Wars.

Greek Achievement Chapter 5 Section 3 Pages 142-148

Greek Achievements Main Idea The ancient Greeks made great achievements in philosophy, literature, art, and architecture that influenced the development of later cultures and ideas.

Reading Focus • How did Greek philosophy influence later thinking? • What types of literature did the Greeks create? • What were the aims of Greek art and architecture?

Bell Ringer 5.3 (5 Points) Write an obituary such as you might find in a newspaper remembering the life of Pericles. The obituary should give a few facts about his life and detail his major accomplishments.

Greek Philosophy Despite their condemnation of Socrates, the people of ancient Greece were great believers in philosophy. The word philosophy itself comes from the Greek word philosophia, meaning “the love of wisdom.”

Background

Socrates

• Earliest philosophy traced to 500s BC

• First great Athenian philosopher

• Reached height in Athens during 400s, 300s BC

• Little known of his personal life

• Inspired by greatest philosophers— Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

• Students’ writings, including Plato’s, put forth his ideas

Broad Concepts • Writings give clear picture of Socrates’s thoughts and how he taught • Socrates interested in broad concepts of human life—truth, justice, virtue

Philosophy of Socrates Asking Questions • Socrates believed philosophers could learn what made good people, societies by asking questions • Started with basic questions, like “What is truth?” • Socrates followed up with more questions

Socratic Method • By working through series of questions, Socrates thought people could discover basic nature of life

• Method of learning through questions called the Socratic method

Socrates Cup of Death

Plato • One of Socrates’ students, became great philosopher in own right • Left behind great number of writings that record ideas on wide variety of topics, from nature of truth to ideal form of government • The Republic argues that government should be led by philosophers

Theory of Government • Philosophers most qualified to make good decisions • Did not support Athenian democracy in which all men could take part • Plato wanted to make philosopher’s education more formal • Founded the Academy, which in Plato’s lifetime became most important site for Greek philosophers to do their work

Aristotle The Third Philosopher

• Aristotle was among students who studied at the Academy • More concerned with nature of world that surrounded him • Tried to apply philosophical principles to every kind of knowledge Emphasis on Reason and Logic • Emphasis on reason, logic • Reason, clear and ordered thinking; use reason to learn about world • Observe carefully, think rationally about what one has seen Inferring New Facts • Aristotle also helped develop field of logic, process of making inferences • Example: birds have feathers, lay eggs; owls have feathers, lay eggs; therefore, owl must be a type of bird

Identify Who were the greatest philosophers of ancient Greece? Answer(s): Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

Greek Literature Other Greek literature remains, with a great many works still popular today. Greeks excelled in poetry—both epics and other forms—history, and drama.

Homer’s Epics • Most famous works are some of earliest

• Epic poems of great events and heroes • The Iliad and the Odyssey, attributed to poet Homer, tell stories of Trojan War

Iliad and Odyssey • Iliad tells story of last year of war, two heroes—Achilles and Hector • Odyssey tells story of heroes from the war, with Odysseus who was forced to wander the sea

These two works became basis for the Greek education system.

Other Forms of Poetry Greeks wrote many types of poetry besides epics • Hesiod wrote descriptive poetry about works of gods, lives of peasants • Greeks also created lyric poetry – Named after the lyre, musical instrument often played to accompany reading of poems – Lyric poems do not tell stories, but deal with emotions, desires • Lyric poets – Sappho, one of few Greek women to gain fame as writer; dealt with daily life, marriage, love – Pindar, late 500s, early 400s; poems commemorated public events, like Olympic Games

History • • • •

Among fields for which Greeks best known Greek authors wrote about and analyzed own past First major Greek historian, Herodotus Lived in Greece during wars with Persia; described battles and public debates in The Histories

Primary Sources • Thucydides lived during Peloponnesian War, wrote about it • Included primary sources, like speeches he heard delivered • Looked at sources critically, ignored unreliable, irrelevant ones

Describing Famous Men • Another early historian, Xenophon fought in Persia after Persian Wars • Concentrated less on sources, debates, more on describing famous men; had less critical style • Work has helped us learn what life was like in 300s BC Greece

Drama While the Greeks wrote histories to preserve the past, they created a new form of writing for entertainment—drama, the art of playwriting.

Athenian Roots

Development

• Earliest dramas part of festivals

• Dramas became more complex

• Dionysus, god of wine and celebration

• Individual actors took on roles of specific characters in stories

• Group of actors called a chorus • Recited stories

• Two distinct forms of dramas developed, tragedy and comedy

Distinct Forms Tragedies

Comedies

• Focused on hardships faced by Greek heroes

• Many comedies were satires, plays written to expose flaws of society

• Three great writers

– Aeschylus, Greek myths – Sophocles, suffering people brought on selves – Wrote play about Oedipus – Euripides, tragedy brought on by chance, behavior

• Aristophanes greatest Greek comedy writer • Plays poke fun at aspects of Athenian society, from government to treatment of women

Find the Main Idea

In what forms of writing did the Greeks excel? Answer(s): epics, history, poetry, drama

Greek Architecture and Art Beauty • Athenians enjoyed beauty, both written and visual

• Expressed love of written beauty through literature; visual beauty through architecture, art Enhancements

Architecture • Athenians wanted their city to be most beautiful in Greece • Built magnificent temples, theatres, public buildings

Parthenon

• To enhance appearance of buildings, added fine works of art, painted and sculpted

• Most magnificent on acropolis

• Grandest buildings built on acropolis, at city’s center

• Begun by Pericles, 447 BC

• Massive temple to Athena • Took 14 years to build

Greek Architecture and Art Parthenon impressive not for sheer size, but for proportion

• Designers careful not to make too tall, too wide • Parthenon more than 200 feet long, 100 feet wide – Had doors, no windows – Surrounded by tall, graceful columns – Above columns, slabs of marble carved with scenes from myths – Ruins appear white today, but parts originally painted in vivid hues – Huge gold, ivory statue of Athena stood inside Parthenon

Parthenon

Sculpture Human Forms

• Greek sculptors among finest world has ever known • Particularly adept at sculpting human form; studied people at rest, moving • Tried to re-create what they saw, paid particular attention to muscles Lifelike, Not Realistic

• Greeks wanted statues to look lifelike, active, not necessarily realistic • Portrayed subjects as physically perfect, without blemishes, imperfections • Greek statues almost all depict figures of great beauty, grace

Poseidon

Sculpture

Roman Copies • Few original works remain; most copies made a few hundred years later

• Roman artists made many copies of greatest Greek statues • Many copies survived even after original statues destroyed

Painting • Only a few original Greek paintings survive • Best preserved are paintings on vases, plates, other vessels • Scenes from everyday life, or from myths, legends • Most use only red, black; still convey movement, depth

Larger Paintings • Little evidence of larger works; written sources say Greeks created murals in many public buildings • Often included scenes from Iliad, Odyssey; showed aftermath of battles, rather than battle itself • Themes similar to tragic drama popular with Athenians

Make Generalizations What were some characteristics of Greek architecture and art? Answer(s): architecture—proportion, columns, vivid colors; art—idealistic sculpture depicting the human form; red and black vessels with scenes conveying movement and depth; murals and wall paintings

Grog 5.3 (5 Points) Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by writing a description of each of the listed literary forms and then listing a few Greek writers who used each form

Alexander the Great and His Legacy Chapter 5 Section 4 Pages 150-155

Alexander the Great and His Legacy Main Idea Alexander the Great formed a huge empire, spread Greek culture into Egypt and many parts of Asia, and paved the way for a new civilization to develop in those areas.

Reading Focus • How did Alexander the Great rise to power? • What was life like in the culture called the Hellenistic world that developed after Alexander’s death? • What were some significant Hellenistic achievements?

Bell Ringer 5.4 (5 Points) Write a short letter to Plato in which you either agree or disagree with his belief that philosophers should rule cities. Whichever position you take, use evidence to support your argument.

Alexander the Great Macedonia rose to power and took control of Greece in the years that followed the Peloponnesian War. The Rise of Macedonia • Most Greeks considered Macedonians backward – Lived in villages, not cities – Spoke form of Greek unintelligible to other Greeks • 359 BC, Macedonia’s fortune changed when Philip II took throne

Army Reorganization • One of Philip’s first actions as king

• Adopted phalanx system, but gave soldiers longer spears • Included larger bodies of cavalry and more archers • Set out to conquer Greece – Faced little opposition – Quickly crushed armies

– Conquered all but Sparta

Alexander Becomes King • Philip’s conquests might have continued, but he was assassinated • Title, plans for conquests fell to son, Alexander the Great

• Alexander only 20, but had been trained to rule almost from birth • Learned warfare and politics from father, mother, and Aristotle

Alexander’s Conquests • Alexander faced almost immediately with revolts in Greece

• Set out to reestablish control • Used harsh measures to show rebellion not tolerated • Crushed Theban army and sold people into slavery, burned city

Empire Building Empire • With Greece under control, Alexander decided to build empire

• 334 BC, led army into Asia to take on Persians • Army relatively small, but well trained, fiercely loyal • Persian army huge, disorganized

Campaigns • Within year Alexander’s army had won victory against Persians in Asia Minor • Moved south to Phoenicia, Egypt; welcomed as liberator, named new pharaoh • Next destroyed Persian army near Gaugamela, in what is now Iraq; caused Emperor Darius III to flee

Expanding the Empire With defeat of Darius, Alexander the master of Persian world

• Troops marched to Persepolis, a Persian capital, burned it to ground as sign of victory • But Alexander not satisfied with size of empire – Led army deeper into Asia, winning more victories – Led army to the Indus, perhaps to conquer India – Soldiers had had enough, refused to proceed farther from home – Alexander forced to turn back to west

End of the Empire Death at Early Age

Power Struggle

• Alexander’s empire largest world had ever seen

• Generals fought each other for power

• Did not rule very long

• In the end, the empire was divided among three most powerful generals

• 323 BC, Alexander fell ill while in Babylon • Died a few days later at age 33 • Alexander died without naming heir

• Called themselves kings – Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece – Seleucus ruled Persian Empire – Ptolemy ruled Egypt

Alexander's Empire broke up into kingdoms

Summarize Why did Alexander’s empire break apart after his death? Answer(s): He did not name an heir, so the empire was divided among three powerful generals.

The Hellenistic World By bringing together a number of diverse peoples in his empire, Alexander helped create a new type of culture. It was no longer purely Greek, or Hellenic, but Hellenistic, or Greeklike. Blending Cultures

• Alexander made conscious effort to bring people, ideas together • Married two Persian princesses • Encouraged soldiers to marry Persians as well

New Cities

• Appointed officials from various cultures to help rule • Built dozens of new cities, encouraged Greek settlers to move into them • Most new cities named Alexandria

Most Famous City

• Alexandria, Egypt • Located at mouth of Nile, where it met Mediterranean • Ideal location for trade • Harbor once busiest in world

Alexandria and Beyond Center of Culture

• With trade money, Alexandrians built great palaces, streets lined with monuments; city was home to centers of culture, learning • The Museum, temple to spirit of creativity, home to many works of art Center of Learning

• Library of Alexandria contained works on philosophy, literature, history, sciences • Alexandria remained center of culture, learning long after Hellenistic period Trading Centers

• Alexandria one of largest trading centers, but not only one in Hellenistic world • Cities in Egypt, Persia, Central Asia trading centers for Africa, Arabia, India • Traders brought back goods, new ideas like teachings of Judaism

Life in the Hellenistic World Drastic Changes

Life for Women

• Shift from Hellenic Greece to Hellenistic world brought drastic changes to lives

• Lives of women also changed significantly in Hellenistic Period

• Most obvious change, how people were governed

• Women had few rights in earlier Greek city-states

• City-state no longer main political unit, replaced by kingdom

• Lives began to improve after Alexander, though women still not equal to men

• Traditional Greek democracy gave way to monarchy

• Gained rights to receive education, own property

Explain How did society change in the Hellenistic age? Answer(s): different cultures blended; government changed; women gained more rights

Hellenistic Achievements • Blending of cultures brought significant changes • Exchange of ideas from different cultures • New advances in philosophy, literature and science Philosophy

• New schools of philosophy developed in Alexander’s empire • One called Cynicism; students rejected pleasure, wealth, social responsibility • People live according to nature

Epicureans

• People should seek pleasure, considered good; try to avoid pain, considered evil • To find pleasure, develop close friendships with people who share similar ideas

The most influential new school was Stoicism, with emphasis on reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality. Stoics believed people should find their proper role in society and fulfill it.

Art and Literature Art and literature also changed during Hellenistic Period • Hellenistic artists learned to convey emotion, movement in works, especially sculpture • Women became much more common as subject of art, literature – Most earlier Greek statues had depicted men – Love stories became popular form for first time – Earlier literature dealt with actions of gods – Hellenistic writings focused on common events in people’s everyday lives

Science and Technology

• Tremendous advances in science, technology during this period • Among great Egyptian scholars, Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry we still learn about today • Egypt also home of Eratosthenes, who calculated size of the world • Other Hellenistic scientists studied the movement of the stars; the makeup and inner workings of the human body

Science and Technology Inventors • Archimedes, one of world’s greatest inventors, used knowledge of math, physics to create devices • Developed compound pulley to lift heavy loads; also invented mechanical screw to draw water out of ship’s hold, out of deep well

Mechanics • Other inventors not as ambitious as Archimedes, but clever in own right • One built tiny steam engine, used to power mechanical toys • Such devices representative of Hellenistic fascination with mechanics, technology

Analyze What advances did Hellenistic scholars make in science and technology? Answer(s): geometry; calculating the circumference of the globe; study of the movement of the stars; study of the human body; new inventions

Grog 5.4 (5 Points) Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by writing one sentence in each box to summarize Alexander's life, career, and legacy.