Ch 7

World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 7 Networks of Communication And Exchange, 300 B.C.E. - 1100 C.E.

Objectives • Identify the locations and describe the participants of the Silk Road, the Indian Ocean, and the trans-Saharan trade routes.. • Define the term “Africanity” and explain the development of “Africanity” in terms of Bantu migrations.. • Analyze the relationship between environment, transportation technology,and trade along the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan trade routes.. • Discuss the causes and patterns of the spread of Buddhism and Christianity..

Silk Road Map

Overview Remember to give Students their quizzes Back Trade Routes • agricultural goods • manufactured goods • ideas • social system Did more for cultural inclusion than any emperor or king.

The Silk Road Silk Road – connects Middle East to China – 1st Period: 150 BCE - 907 CE – 2nd Period: 13th-17th cen. CE

• Origins – nomadic traders – Chinese demand for western products – Mesopotamian markets • Parthians

• hybrid camels – existed solely for trade route

The Silk Road Zhang Jian – Ferghana horses – alfalfa and domestic grapes

• Chinese Exports – silk, pottery, paper

Impact of Trade – settling of Iranian nomads – import of Turkic peoples • yurts

– interest in foreign religions – military • chariot, bowmen • stirrup

• Prosperity from trade = peace

Silk Road Map

The Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Maritime System – Indian Ocean / South China Sea – multilingual / multiethnic seafarers – E. Africa, Arabia, India, China, and SE Asia

• monsoons – lateen sails; long reaches – sail further from shore

• colonies – economic, not political – warfare rare

The Indian Ocean Origins of Contact and Trade • Africa – SE Asian settling of Madagascar • 2000 years ago • cultures of homeland

– Mozambique Channel • 1500 years ago

Impact – The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea - 7th century CE • extensive written record of trade • ports of call from E to W

– bilingual and bicultural families • cosmopolitan in nature

Routes Across the Sahara Sahara – 2500 BCE - 300 BCE • shift in cultural patterns south

– Mediterranean - S. Africa barrier – source of European exploration • trans-Saharan caravan routes

Culture – cave paintings • cliffs and caves – southern animals

• hunters, cattle breeders, horse herders, camel riders

• Trans Saharan Trade Routes – camel domestication

Camel Domestication Camels in Africa – 1st century BCE – to Egypt from Arabia; S to N • saddle purposes

Trade – South • salt for forest products • Sahel - ‘coast’ – Saharan southern border

– North • food for Roman Empire – Roman N. African farms

• wild animals for Coliseum • post-Roman shift to Middle East

• Berber: trade for gold dust

Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana - 600 - 1076 CE – “land of gold” – 1st documentable W. Africa – African with Muslim traders • religious toleration

Sub-Saharan Africa – most important cultural exchange – geographical obstacles

Sub-Saharan Africa Geography – Sahara, Atlantic, Indian, Red Sea – limited navigation of rivers

• steppes – treeless plains; coarse grass

• savanna – long grasses; scattered forests

• tropical rain forest • Cultural traditions as a result of long period of isolation

Sub-Saharan Culture Cultural Unity... – “great traditions” • written language, legal system, ethical codes, intellectual traditions

– “small traditions” • • • •

local customs and beliefs less-population density distance between tribes lack of accessibility to interior

– Common Elements • • • •

concept of kingship - isolation fixed social categories common agricultural cultivation common music rituals

… emanates from Sub-Sahara

Bantu Migrations “Africanity” – common African quality

Bantu – family of 300 sub-Saharan languages – proto-Bantu as fishermen and agriculturalists – iron-smelting

• language distribution • spread of agriculture • use of iron tools

The Spread of Ideas Where do ideas and beliefs start? – Iron-smelting and pork

Religion – royal sponsorship – monks, missionaries, and pilgrims • Silk Road and Indian Ocean – Buddhism

• Ethiopian Christianity – Constantine’s missionaries – Patriarch of Alexandria

– writing system • Armenian Christianity