Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 1: Growing Tensions Over Slavery Standard 8.9.4 Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California’s admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850. Standard 8.9.5 Analyze the significance of the States’ Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Wilmot Proviso (1846), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision (1857), and the Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858). Standard 8.10.1 Compare the conflicting interpretations of state and federal authority as emphasized in the speeches and writings of statesmen such as Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Slavery and the Mexican-American War The vast territory acquired as a result of the Mexican – American War reignited the controversy over slavery.

Between 1820 and 1848, four new slaveholding states and four new free states were admitted to the Union. The Missouri Compromise did not apply to the huge territory gained from Mexico in 1848. In 1846, Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed that Congress ban slavery in all territory that might become part of the U.S. as a result of the Mexican – American War.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Slavery and the Mexican-American War The vast territory acquired as a result of the Mexican – American War reignited the controversy over slavery.

The Wilmot Proviso never became law, but it aroused great concern in the South. In August 1848, antislavery Whigs and Democrats formed a new party called the Free-Soil Party. It called for the territory gained in the Mexican – American War to be “free soil.” The new party, led by Martin Van Buren, divided the Democrats, and Zachary Taylor, a Whig became President.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

A Bitter Debate The compromise proposed by Henry Clay produced one of the greatest debates in American history.

After the discovery of gold in California, thousands of people rushed west. California soon had enough people to become a state. Southerners feared that if California became a free state, the South would not be able to block antislavery attacks like the Wilmot Proviso.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

A Bitter Debate The compromise proposed by Henry Clay produced one of the greatest debates in American history.

Southern leaders began to threaten to secede if California became a free state. Northerners wanted the slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. Southerners wanted northerners to catch people who had escaped from slavery. Southerners called for a law that would force the return of fugitives, or runaway enslaved people.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 -1861)

A Bitter Debate The compromise proposed by Henry Clay produced one of the greatest debates in American history.

John C. Calhoun was against compromise. He claimed there were only two ways to preserve the South’s way of life. One was a constitutional amendment to protect states’ rights. The other was secession. Daniel Webster spoke on behalf of Clay’s proposals and called for an end to the bitter sectionalism that was dividing the nation.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 1 Quick Quiz California’s request to join the Union in 1850 would have A.given slave states an advantage over free states. B.given free states an advantage over slave states. C.restored the balance between free and slave states. D.extended slavery into a territory acquired from Mexico. Answer: B - given free states an advantage over slave states.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 1 Quick Quiz Which of the following was a result of the Wilmot Proviso? A.The issue of slavery in new territories gained from Mexico was left undecided. B.Southerners became increasingly concerned that the North was trying to end slavery in the United States. C.Some Democrats and Whigs formed the Free Soil Party. D.All of the above Answer: D – All of the above

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 1 Quick Quiz California entered the Union as a free state in the A.Kansas-Nebraska Act. B.Missouri Compromise. C.Compromise of 1850. D.Wilmot Proviso. Answer: C – Compromise of 1850

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 1 Quick Quiz Senator John C. Calhoun would most likely agree with which of the following statements? A.New territories should be allowed to determine for themselves whether to allow slavery. B.The federal government should have the power to decide whether states allow slavery. C.Preserving the Union is more important than states’ rights. D.States’ rights are more important than preserving the Union. Answer: D - States’ rights are more important than preserving the Union.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 1 Quick Quiz The Wilmot Proviso A.called for a ban of slavery in the South. B.proposed that Congress ban slavery in all territory that might become part of the U.S. as a result of the Mexican– American War. C.called for a law that would force the return of fugitives, or runaway enslaved people. D.proposed that popular sovereignty should determine if slavery would be allowed in territory that might become part of the U.S. as a result of the Mexican–American War. Answer: B - proposed that Congress ban slavery in all territory that might become part of the U.S. as a result of the Mexican–American War.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 2: Compromises Fail Standard 8.9.4 Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California’s admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850. Standard 8.9.5 Analyze the significance of the States’ Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Wilmot Proviso (1846), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision (1857), and the Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858).

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Compromise of 1850 The key part of the Compromise of 1850 related to the Fugitive Slave Act.

•In September 1850, Congress finally passed five bills based on Clay’s proposals: •California was admitted as a free state; •Slave trade was banned in the nation’s capital. •Popular sovereignty would be used to decide the question of slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession. •The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed special government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Compromise of 1850 The key part of the Compromise of 1850 related to the Fugitive Slave Act.

•Suspects had no right to trial to prove they had been falsely accused. •A slaveholder or any white witness could swear to the suspect being the slaveholder’s property. •The law required northern citizens to help capture accused runaways if authorities requested assistance. •Thousands of northern African Americans fled to the safety of Canada to avoid the injustices of the law.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Anger over the Fugitive Slave Act led Harriet Beecher Stowe to write the antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin

•In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of an abolitionist minister, wrote a novel about the abuses of slavery. •The book was a bestseller in the North. •Stowe’s book convinced readers to view slavery as more than just a political problem.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed settlers in the territories to decide whether their territory would allow slavery.

•In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas pushed through the Kansas-Nebraska Act. •The act basically undid the Missouri Compromise by allowing the new territories to decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty. •Northerners were outraged by the act while southerners supported it.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Bleeding Kansas Kansas suffered widespread violence as proslavery and antislavery settlers battled for control.

•The Kansas – Nebraska Act left it to the white citizens of Kansas to determine whether it would be a free territory or not. •Thousands of Missourians entered Kansas in March 1855 to illegally vote in the election to select a territorial legislature. •Of 39 legislators elected, all but 3 supported slavery. •Antislavery settlers refused to accept the results and held a second election.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Bleeding Kansas Kansas suffered widespread violence as proslavery and antislavery settlers battled for control.

•Kansas now had two governments, each claiming the power to govern. •In April, a proslavery sheriff was shot when he attempted to arrest some antislavery settlers In Lawrence. •The next month, he returned with 800 men and attacked the town. •Three days later, John Brown, an antislavery settler from Connecticut, led seven men to a proslavery settlement where they killed five proslavery men and boys.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Bleeding Kansas Kansas suffered widespread violence as proslavery and antislavery settlers battled for control.

•These incidents set off widespread violence in Kansas. •The violence earned Kansas the name “Bleeding Kansas.” •In the U.S. Senate, Charles Sumner, an abolitionist from Massachusetts, verbally attacked Andrew Butler, an elderly senator from South Carolina. •A few days later, Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, beat Sumner over the head with a heavy cane, nearly killing him.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 2 Quick Quiz What led the newspapers to speak of “Bleeding Kansas” in 1856? A.reaction to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling against Dred Scott B.fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces C.attacks on job-seeking Irish immigrants D.conflict between cattle ranchers and farmers Answer: B – fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 2 Quick Quiz All of the following statements are true of the Compromise of 1850, EXCEPT A.California was admitted as a free state. B.Slave trade was banned in the nation’s capital. C.Popular sovereignty would be used to decide the question of slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession. D.Oregon was admitted as a free state. Answer: D – Oregon was admitted as a free state.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 2 Quick Quiz All of the following were included in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, EXCEPT A.Slave trade was forbidden in the nation’s capital. B.A slaveholder or any white witness could swear to the suspect being the slaveholder’s property. C.Suspects had no right to trial to prove they had been falsely accused. D.The law required northern citizens to help capture accused runaways if authorities requested assistance. Answer: A - Slave trade was forbidden in the nation’s capital.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 2 Quick Quiz The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 A.eased tension between the North and South. B.allowed Kansas to enter the Union as a slave state and Nebraska to enter as a free state. C.allowed both states to enter the Union as slave states. D.basically undid the Missouri Compromise. Answer: D – basically undid the Missouri Compromise

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3: The Crisis Deepens Standard 8.9.1 Describe the leaders of the movement (e.g., John Brown and the armed resistance) Standard 8.10.4 Discuss Abraham Lincoln’s presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of Independence, such as his “House Divided” speech (1858).

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

A New Antislavery Party The goal of the new Republican Party was to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories.

•As the Whig Party split apart in 1854, many northern Whigs joined the new Republican Party. •Two years later, the Republican Party ran its first candidate for President, John C. Fremont. •Although Democrat James Buchanan won, Fremont won in 11 of the nation’s 16 free states.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Dred Scott Decision The Dred Scott ruling meant that all American territories were open to slavery.

•In March 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Dred Scott, a slave who was owned by a U.S. Army doctor. •Scott sued for his freedom, claiming he was free because his owner had moved him to Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was illegal. •The Court ruled Scott had no right to sue because African Americans were not citizens.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Dred Scott Decision The Dred Scott ruling meant that all American territories were open to slavery.

•Chief Justice Roger B. Taney declared that slaves were property, and property rights were protected by the U.S. Constitution. •Taney wrote that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. •The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. •Slavery could spread throughout the West.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln took a strong stand against slavery’s expansion in the Lincoln-Douglas debates.

•In 1858, Illinois Republicans chose Lincoln to run for the Senate against Stephen Douglas, author of the KansasNebraska Act. •When Lincoln accepted the nomination, he made a famous speech, known as the “House Divided” speech. •Lincoln then challenged Douglas to a series of public debates.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln took a strong stand against slavery’s expansion in the Lincoln-Douglas debates.

•Douglas strongly defended popular sovereignty. •Lincoln took a stand against the spread of slavery. •He predicted slavery would die out on its own. •Lincoln insisted that African Americans should be entitled to all the rights enumerated by the Declaration of Independence. •Douglas won the Senate election, but Lincoln became known throughout the country due to the debates.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

John Brown’s Raid Northern support of John Brown shocked and angered southern slaveholders.

•Driven out of Kansas after the Pottawatomie Massacre, John Brown returned to New England. •Brown formed a plot to raise an army and free people in the South who were enslaved. •In 1859, Brown and a small band of supporters attacked the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. •His plan was to seize guns stored by the U.S. Army at Harpers Ferry.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

John Brown’s Raid Northern support of John Brown shocked and angered southern slaveholders.

•Troops commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee surrounded Brown’s force and killed ten of his followers. •Brown was wounded and captured. •John Brown was found guilty of murder and treason. •When the state of Virginia hanged Brown for treason on December 2, 1859, church bells across the North tolled to mourn the man who many considered a hero.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3 Quick Quiz In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Abraham Lincoln A.gained support that helped him defeat Douglas for the Senate in 1858. B.supported the idea of popular sovereignty. C.supported the Fugitive Slave Act. D.insisted that the territories be kept free from slavery Answer: D – insisted that the territories be kept free from slavery

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3 Quick Quiz “A house divided against itself cannot stand…I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other.”

What division does this quotation describe? A.church and state B.free states and slaveholding states C.the House of Representatives and the Senate D.Republicans and Democrats Answer: B – free states and slaveholding states

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3 Quick Quiz chorus from “John Brown’s Body,” a folk song “John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering [rotting] in the grave, But his soul goes marching on.” Which of the following people would have been most likely to sing this song? A.proslavery settlers in Kansas B.an abolitionist C.a supporter of popular sovereignty D.a southern plantation owner Answer: B – an abolitionist

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3 Quick Quiz chorus from “John Brown’s Body,” a folk song “John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering [rotting] in the grave, But his soul goes marching on.” Which of the following best paraphrases the meaning of the quote? A.John Brown’s spirit inspired other abolitionists. B.John Brown’s efforts to end slavery were in vain. C.John Brown’s crusade ended with his death. D.John Brown deserved his punishment. Answer: A - John Brown’s spirit inspired other abolitionists.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3 Quick Quiz Which of the following was a point made in the Dred Scott decision? A. Slaves were citizens. B. Congress could prohibit slavery in any territory. C. Slaves were property, even if they lived in a free territory. D. All of the above Answer: C - Slaves were property, even if they lived in a free territory.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 3 Quick Quiz When the Whig party split apart in 1854, which party was formed by northern Whigs? A.the Federalist Party B.the Republican Party C.the Democrat Party D.the Know Nothing Party Answer: B – the Republican Party

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 4: The Coming of the Civil War Standard 8.10.3 Identify the constitutional issues posed by the doctrine of nullification and secession and the earliest origins of that doctrine. Standard 8.10.4 Discuss Abraham Lincoln’s presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of Independence, such as his inaugural addresses (1861 and 1865).

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Nation Divides The election of 1860 led to the breakup of the Union.

•As the election of 1860 drew near, Americans everywhere felt a sense of crisis. •The Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln as their presidential candidate. •Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats were divided over the issue of slavery.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Nation Divides The election of 1860 led to the breakup of the Union.

•Lincoln won in every free state and Southern Democrat John Breckinridge won in all but four slave states. •Although Lincoln received only 40 percent of the popular vote, he won the election. •On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. •Six more states soon followed South Carolina out of the Union.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Nation Divides The election of 1860 led to the breakup of the Union.

•In early February, leaders from the seven seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, to form the Confederate States of America. •By the time Lincoln took office in March, they had a written constitution and named former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis as their president.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Civil War Begins President Lincoln’s assurances of friendship in his inaugural address were rejected by the South.

•In Lincoln’s inaugural address, he assured the South he had no intention of interfering with the institution of slavery were it already existed. •The seceding states rejected Lincoln and took over federal property within their borders, including forts. •At Fort Sumter, located on an island in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, the fort’s commander would not surrender.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Civil War Begins President Lincoln’s assurances of friendship in his inaugural address were rejected by the South.

•South Carolina authorities decided to starve the fort’s 100 troops into surrender. •Lincoln did not want to surrender the fort. •He announced that he would send food to the fort, but that the supply ships would carry no troops or guns. •Confederate leaders decided to capture the fort while it was isolated.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

The Civil War Begins President Lincoln’s assurances of friendship in his inaugural address were rejected by the South.

•On April 12, Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort. •After 34 hours, with the fort on fire, the U.S. troops surrendered. •The attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of a long civil war.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 4 Quick Quiz How did the South react to Abraham Lincoln’s election as President in 1860? A.North Carolina and Virginia seceded, followed by South Carolina. B.Southern leaders called for a new presidential election to be held in the spring. C.To save the Union, Southern leaders agreed to support the new President. D.Seven Southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. Answer: D - Seven Southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 4 Quick Quiz Which statement BEST describes the results of the presidential election of 1860? A. Regional attitudes toward slavery decided the outcome. B. National unity led to a landslide victory for the Republican candidate. C. Moderate voters who wanted a compromise on slavery determined the winner. D. Regional attitudes toward slavery played a small role in the outcome. Answer: A - Regional attitudes toward slavery decided the outcome.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 4 Quick Quiz Which of the following was not a direct cause of the Civil War? A. Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter. B. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. C. Union troops attacked Confederate forts in South Carolina. D. Seven southern states seceded from the Union. Answer: C - Union troops attacked Confederate forts in South Carolina.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 4 Quick Quiz All of the following were causes of the Civil War EXCEPT A.John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry. B.the Supreme Court ruling on Dred Scott v. Sandford. C.the use of child labor in northern factories. D.the publication of Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Answer: C - the use of child labor in northern factories.

Chapter 10 The Nation Divided (1846 – 1861)

Section 4 Quick Quiz What was the first major goal of President Abraham Lincoln’s administration? A.to destroy the institution of slavery B.to maintain the unity of the country C.to expand the power of the state governments D.to industrialize the economy Answer: B - to maintain the unity of the country