Chapter 19 - Kenston Local Schools

Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for democracy.

Man taking a piece of the Berlin Wall as a souvenir after the fall of communism in East Germany (December 1989).

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Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present SECTION 1

Democracy

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The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

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The Collapse of the Soviet Union

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Changes in Central and Eastern Europe

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China: Reform and Reaction

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Section 1

Democracy In Latin America, economic problems and authoritarian rule delay democracy.

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Democracy

Democracy As a Goal Difficulties in Establishing Democracy • Common practices include free elections and citizen participation • Also: majority rule, minority rights, constitutional government • Difficult to establish democracy—even in U.S., took many years • These practices need conditions in country to support them • Education and a stable economy help • So do individual rights, rule by law, sense of national identity

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Dictators and Democracy Brazil’s Early History • Brazil: monarchy in 1822, republic controlled by wealthy in 1889 • In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition but builds economy

Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program • Juscelino Kubitschek builds economy, new capital city—Brasília • His followers back reforms, but conservatives object to land reform • Land reform—breaking up huge estates into holdings for peasants • Wealthy Brazilians support takeover by military in 1964

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Military Dictators • Military rules for two decades, building economy but cutting wages • Standard of living—level of material comfort— declines

The Road to Democracy • In 1980s, Brazil has recession—economic slowdown • Civilian leaders elected but cannot fix economy

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The 2002 Presidential Election • New election in 2002 includes rivals with different economic views • Luis Inácio Lula da Silva wins election; hopes to reclaim economy NEXT

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One-Party Rule Beginnings of One-Party Domination • In 1920s and 1930s, leaders build a party that dominates Mexico • Lázaro Cárdenas rules 1934–1940, next presidents abandon his reforms

The Party Becomes the PRI • In 1946, main party becomes PRI—Institutional Revolutionary Party • Party controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections • In 1968, students and workers protest, soldiers fire on crowd • Mexico depends on oil and gas income, suffers when prices fall Continued . . . NEXT

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continued One-Party

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Economic and Political Crises • Opposition parties gain support, force reforms in 1988 • In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state of Chiapas stage uprising

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The PRI Loses Control • Other parties gain many seats in Congress • Center-right candidate Vicente Fox wins presidency in 2000

New Policies and Programs • As new president, Fox has many ambitious goals

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Political and Economic Disorder Perón Rules Argentina • In 1946, Juan Perón becomes dictator in Argentina; ousted in 1955

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Repression in Argentina • Military rules into 1970s, but country develops many problems • Government moves harshly against opposition, killing many people

Democracy and the Economy • Government disgraced after losing Falklands war in 1982 • Civilians elected to lead, but cannot solve economic problems Continued . . . NEXT

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continued Political

and Economic Disorder

A Growing Crisis • Economic problems continue with high debt, unemployment

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Section 2

The Challenge of Democracy in Africa As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy.

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The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

Colonial Rule Limits Democracy European Policies Cause Problems • Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural divisions • As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa • Colonial rule produces economic problems • Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life

Short-Lived Democracies • Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable to military coups

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Civil War in Nigeria A Land of Many Peoples • Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each with own state • Country adopts federal system—state, central governments share power

War with Biafra • In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting • Military imposes martial law—temporary military rule—in 1966 • In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new country of Biafra • War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria reunited NEXT

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Nigeria’s Nation-Building Federal Government Restored • In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable federal system

A Return to Civilian Rule • General Sani Abacha overturns election results of 1993, takes power • He punishes dissidents—government opponents • In 1999, civilian government finally gains power

President Obasanjo • Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by ending corruption • Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to rebuild country NEXT

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South Africa Under Apartheid Minority Rule • South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules

Apartheid Segregates Society • In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid— separation of races • Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959

Blacks Protest • In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest • Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years • Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes resulting in violence

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Struggle for Democracy Pressure for Change • Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic pressure on government • He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa

The First Steps • In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from prison • Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to blacks • De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994

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Majority Rule • In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament; Mandela elected president

A New Constitution • In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights to all

South Africa Today • In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president • He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment, rampant poverty • He hopes to increase trade with other countries • Major problem facing South Africa is high number of people with AIDS NEXT

Section 3

The Collapse of the Soviet Union Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.

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The Collapse of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy Problems Develop • Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly • Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly

A Younger Leader • Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984 • Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies

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Glasnost Promotes Openness • To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society • Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness; dissent allowed

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Reforming the Economy and Politics Economic Restructuring • People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system • In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic restructuring • Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive

Democratization Opens the Political System • In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy • Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new legislature

Foreign Policy • Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S. NEXT

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The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil Ethnic Revolts • Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse • Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics

Lithuania Defies Gorbachev • In 1990, Lithuania declares independence • Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends troops

Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev • Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard • Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin Continued . . . NEXT

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continued The

Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

The August Coup • In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of government again • Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this move • Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses

End of the Soviet Union

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• Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup • Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them • Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of Independent States NEXT

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Russia Under Boris Yeltsin Yeltsin Faces Problems • Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy • Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free market system • New policies bring economic chaos and hardship, political troubles

Chechnya Rebels • In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from Russia • Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at home • As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of Vladimir Putin NEXT

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Russia Under Vladimir Putin Troubles Continue in Chechnya • Fighting drags on in Chechnya • In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow, many die

Economic, Political, and Social Problems • Economic problems continue, leading to unstable politics • Social problems include homelessness, unemployment • Declines in population, standard of living, average life expectancy

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Section 4

Changes in Central and Eastern Europe Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.

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Changes in Central and Eastern Europe

Poland and Hungary Reform The Rise of Solidarity • Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity— Polish labor union • Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national hero

Solidarity Defeats Communists • Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve economic woes • In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity • Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland Continued . . . NEXT

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continued Poland

and Hungary Reform

Poland Votes Out Walesa • Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly • Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy; Walesa voted out

Poland Under Kwasniewski • Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995 • Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong market economy

Hungarian Communists Disband • In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in Hungary • Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999

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Germany Reunifies Resistance to Change • East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary • Thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to Austria

Fall of the Berlin Wall

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• East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive protests • In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall • By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed Continued . . . NEXT

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continued Germany

Reunifies

Reunification • Reunification—merging of the two Germanys— achieved in 1990

Germany’s Challenges • East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding • This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes

A New Chancellor • In 1998, Kohl voted out of office • New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty reviving economy • Germany becomes more active in world affairs after reunifying NEXT

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Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Reforms • In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy • Tough government crackdown sparks more protests • By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav Havel elected president

Czechoslovakia Breaks Up • Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of country • In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries • Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic; faster in Slovakia NEXT

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Overthrow in Romania A Popular Uprising • In late 1989, Romania’s leader has army shoot protestors • This action prompts major revolt and collapse of Communist rule • Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and wife executed Christmas Day, 1989

The Romanian Economy • Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s; economy lags • Much of economy still owned by government, not in private hands • But Government begins moving toward market economy NEXT

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The Breakup of Yugoslavia Ethnic Problems • Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics

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A Bloody Breakup • Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country • Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence • In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out • Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian Muslims • In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government

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continued The

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Rebellion in Kosovo • In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians • Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels with harsh force • In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw

The Region Faces Its Problems • Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials • Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may separate in future

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Section 5

China: Reform and Reaction In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.

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China: Reform and Reaction

The Legacy of Mao Problems of Mao’s Rule

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• Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot • Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth • He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist spirit • Its excesses turn many people against communism • Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues moderate policies

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China and the West China Opened Its Doors • Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world • In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations

Economic Reform • In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party • Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980 • Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic progress • This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao

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Massacre in Tiananmen Square Unforeseen Problems • Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders • Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy

Students Demand Democracy • In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square— public area in Beijing

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Deng Orders a Crackdown • Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters • Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded • Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent NEXT

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China Enters the New Millennium China Under Jiang • In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power • Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s reforms • In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji • Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms

Transfer of Hong Kong • Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China, major economic power • In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China

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China Beyond 2000 Economics and Politics • Economic reforms reduce poverty in China • Though many countries have economic problems, China’s economy grows • Many in China want political reforms • China is becoming more involved with other countries

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