Chapter 2. Federalism and the States

CHAPTER TWO FEDERALISM AND THE STATES

The Concept of Federalism • Unitary, Confederate, and Federal Systems • The Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism

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The History of U.S. Federalism • Early History • The Move Toward Federalism – The Articles of Confederation – The Constitutional Convention

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The History of U.S. Federalism (continued) • State-Centered Federalism • The Growth of National Power Through the Constitution and the Judiciary – The National Supremacy Clause – The Necessary and Proper Clause – The Commerce Clause – The General Welfare Clause

– The Fourteenth Amendment Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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The History of U.S. Federalism (continued) • The Growth of National Power Through Congress – Taxing and Spending Power – Federal Preemption – Smothering (Then Resuscitating) the Tenth Amendment

• A New Era of State Resurgence? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Intergovernmental Relations • Tribal Governments • Interstate Cooperation – Cooperation Under the Constitution – Informal Cooperation Among the States

• Intergovernmental Financial Relations – Discretion of Recipients – Conditions for Grants Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Models of Federalism • Dual Federalism (1787–1932) • Cooperative Federalism (1933–1964) – Contemporary Variations on Cooperative Federalism (Since 1964) – Nixon’s Federalism – Reagan’s New Federalism – Bush’s New Federalism – President Clinton, the Republican Congress, and the “Devolution Revolution” – George W. Bush and New Federalism Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Federal Purse Strings • The Importance of Federal Funds • Here’s the Check and Here’s What to Do with It: Mandates, Pre-emptions, SetAsides, and Cost Ceilings

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Figure 2.1 Historical Trends in Federal Grant-in-Aid Outlays

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Table 2.1 Federal Grants to State and Local Governments, 2004, in Rank Order

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Table 2.1 Federal Grants to State and Local Governments, 2004, in Rank Order (continued)

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