Chapter 2 - The Constitution

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Chapter 2 The Constitution

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives Roots of the New American Nation

LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation.

The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation

LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed.

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Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution

LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writings of the U.S. Constitution.

The U.S. Constitution

LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution

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Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution

LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution

LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

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Roots of the New American Nation

LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation.

• • • •

Tensions begin to build in the 1760s British use mercantilism to justify control French and Indian War increases British debt and colonists’ dependence Series of acts are passed taxing items such as sugar, tea, and paper products

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LO 2.1

Roots of the New American Nation •

•

•

Stamp Act Congress (1765) is formed to address grievances Committees of Correspondence (1772) form to keep colonists abreast of developments Despite grievances taxation continues

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LO 2.1

The First Continental Congress •

•

Held in Philadelphia from Sept 5th to Oct 26th, 1774 Objectives – – –

•

Formally oppose the Coercive Acts Boycott British goods Draft a Declaration of Rights and Resolves

Planned next meeting for May 1775

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LO 2.1

The Second Continental Congress

•

• • •

Prior to meeting, fighting breaks out April 19th, 1775 at Lexington and Concord Adopt Olive Branch Petition; rejected by the King Thomas Paine writes Common Sense in January 1776 Declaration of Independence is written in July 1776 and draws heavily from English philosopher John Locke

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LO 2.1

What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress? A. B. C.

D. E.

The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps. The Stamp Act had little effect in raising the required revenues to pay for the French and Indian War. The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state. The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body. The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards.

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LO 2.1

What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress? A.

The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps. B. The Stamp Act had little effect in raising the required revenues to pay for the French and Indian War. C. The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state. D. The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body. E. The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

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The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation

LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed.

• • • • •

First formal independent government Establishes a confederation in which states are the dominant source of power Federal government is deliberately weak No standing federal executive, judiciary, or power to tax Shays’s Rebellion illustrates Articles’ weaknesses

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LO 2.2

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? A. B. C. D. E.

Federal government Confederacy Republic Democracy Unitary government

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LO 2.2

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? A. B. C. D. E.

Federal government Confederacy Republic Democracy Unitary government

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The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution

LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writing of the U.S. Constitution.

Constitutional Convention • Held in Philadelphia in May, 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation • Fifty-five delegates (referred to as the “Founders” or “Framers”) attended • Motives of the delegates unclear • Diversity of opinions necessitates compromise Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

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LO 2.3

The Virginia Plan

• • •

Favored the large states Provided for three branches of government Produced a bicameral system – –

•

One chamber chosen by the people One chamber chosen by state legislatures

Congress would choose executive and judiciary

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LO 2.3

The New Jersey Plan Essentially strengthened the Articles of Confederation Produced a unicameral system

•

• – –

•

Each state, regardless of the number of representatives, was given one vote Members were elected by state legislatures

Supreme Court with life terms appointed by the Executive

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LO 2.3

Constitutional Compromises The Great Compromise

• –

– –

Bicameral system: House based on population (elected by the people); Senate based on statehood (elected by state legislatures): two for each state Revenue bills originate in House National government is supreme

The Three-Fifths Compromise

• – –

Each slave counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation Prevents attacks on slavery but makes spread of slavery northward unlikely

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LO 2.3

The disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans was solved by what? A. B. C. D. E.

The Three-Fifths Compromise The disagreement was never solved The Great Compromise Presidential decree George Washington through clever negotiations

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LO 2.3

The disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans was solved by what? A. B. C. D. E.

The Three-Fifths Compromise The disagreement was never solved The Great Compromise Presidential decree George Washington through clever negotiations

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The U.S. Constitution

LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution

• • • • •

Federalism Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Seven Articles Twenty Seven Amendments – the first ten of which are the Bill of Rights

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LO 2.4

The Articles of the Constitution Article I: The Legislative Branch • Bicameral • Sets out terms, selection, apportionment • Section 8 •

Enumerated powers – 17 clauses

•

Implied powers – Final clause: necessary and proper clause

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LO 2.4

The Articles of the Constitution Article II: The Executive Branch – – – –

Four year terms Qualifications for office Removal Powers • • •

–

Commander in Chief Treaties Appointments

Addressing the nation

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LO 2.4

The Articles of the Constitution Article III: the Judicial Branch • The Supreme Court • Congress and the lower courts • Jurisdiction

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LO 2.4

The Articles of the Constitution Articles IV through VII • Article IV: relations among the states and the full faith and credit clause • Article V: amending the constitution • Article VI: supremacy clause • Article VII: ratification

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LO 2.4

The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution.

A. B. C. D. E.

commerce clause necessary and proper clause supremacy Clause full faith and credit clause elastic clause

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LO 2.4

The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution.

A. B. C. D. E.

commerce clause necessary and proper clause supremacy Clause full faith and credit clause elastic clause

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The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

•

States held ratifying conventions –

•

Federalists and Anti-Federalists –

•

The Federalist Papers

Nine states need to ratify –

•

Initially great resistance from the states

New Hampshire becomes the ninth in 1788

States ultimately ratified on condition of the inclusion of a Bill of Rights

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LO 2.5

The Federalist Papers •

• •

Most written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788 Explanations of the Framers’ intentions Nos. 10, 51, and 78 of particular importance

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LO 2.5

The Bill of Rights •

•

•

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution Largely guarantee specific rights and liberties including freedom of expression, speech, press, religion, and assembly Ratified in 1791

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LO 2.5

What did the Federalists favor?

A. B. C. D. E.

A strong national government A weak national government Strong state governments Limited taxing power State militias

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LO 2.5

What did the Federalists favor?

A. B. C. D. E.

A strong national government A weak national government Strong state governments Limited taxing power State militias

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Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

•

•

Framers made formal amendment process slow to prevent impulsive amendments Two methods for amending: formal and informal

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LO 2.6

Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution Two-step process • Proposal –

•

By Congress or state legislatures (state legislatures have never proposed)

Ratification –

By state legislatures or conventions (convention used only for Twenty-First Amendment

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LO 2.6

Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution •

Judicial Interpretation –

•

Marbury v. Madison (1803) and judicial review

Social and Cultural Change – –

Racism, sexism Economic crises

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LO 2.6

Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique? A. It was amended informally through judicial review. B. It reversed a prior amendment. C. It was never actually amended. D. It was the only amendment to be ratified by state conventions. E. Both B and D.

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LO 2.6

Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique? A. It was amended informally through judicial review. B. It reversed a prior amendment. C. It was never actually amended. D. It was the only amendment to be ratified by state conventions. E. Both B and D.

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Figure 2.1: How did the British presence in what is now the United States look in 1763?

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Figure 2.2: What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution?

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Figure 2.3: How can the U.S. Constitution be amended?

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Table 2.1: How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution compare to one another?

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Table 2.2: What were the differences between the Federalists and the AntiFederalists?

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