Chapter 21

World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition

Chapter

21

The Muslim Empires

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Muslim Empires I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Muslim Empires

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Muslim Empires

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks – Ottomans emerge dominant

• Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries – 1453, take Constantinople

• Expansion – Middle East, north Africa, Europe – Dominate Mediterranean

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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A State Geared to Warfare • Military dominant – Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility – Janissary infantry  Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Sultans and their Court • Use factions against each other • Vizier – Oversees large bureaucracy

• Succession – No clear rules

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Constantinople Restored • • • •

Commercial center Government control of trade, crafts Artisan guilds Turkish prevails

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Problem of Ottoman Decline • Strong until late 1600s • Decline – Extended – Infrastructure insufficient – Dependent on conquest  End of conquest brings deficiencies

– Regional leaders divert revenue – Sultans less dynamic World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat • Janissaries – Conservative – Stop military, technological reform

• Lepanto, 1571 – Defeated by Spain, Venice – Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat • Portuguese outflank Middle East trade – Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean – Victories over Muslim navies

• Inflation – Caused by New World bullion – Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • Safavid family – Sufi preachers, mystics – Sail al-Din  Leads revival

– 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz  Named shah

• Chaldiran, 1514 – Safavids defeated by Ottomans World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Safavid Empire

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs • Tahmasp I – Becomes shah

• Abbas I (1587-1629) – Height of Ottoman Empire – Persians as bureaucrats

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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State and Religion • Adopt Persian after Chaldiran – Also Persian court traditions

• Shi'ism modified – Spreads to entire empire

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque • Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture – Building projects  Mosques in Isfahan

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons • Commonalities – Warrior aristocracies  Move to rural estates after conquest  Threat to central power

– Imperial workshops  Artisans patronized

– International trade encouraged – Women lose freedom  Subordinate to fathers, husbands World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire • Abbas I – Removes heirs – Weak grandson inherits  Decline begins

• Internecine conflict, outside threats – 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis

• Nadir Khan Afshar – Shah, 1736 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Abbas I – Removes heirs – Weak grandson inherits  Decline begins

• Internecine conflict, outside threats – 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis

• Nadir Khan Afshar – Shah, 1736 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Babur – Driven from Afghanistan – Invades India, 1526 – Turkic – Panipat, 1526  Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Babur – Khanua, 1527  Defeats Hindu confederation

– 1530, death  Succeeded by Humayn • Flees to Persia

• Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire • Akbar – Humayn's 13-year-old son – Reconciliation with Hindus  New religion, Din-i-Ilahi • Blend of Islam and Hinduism

 Toleration

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Social Reform and Social Change • Women – Position improved – Widows encouraged to remarry – Child marriages discouraged – Sati prohibited – Seclusion undermined by women's market days

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts • Death of Akbar – Reforms don't survive – Empire strong

• Cotton textiles to Europe – Especially among laboring and middle classes

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era • Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century – Continue toleration – Less energetic – Support arts  Taj Mahal

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women • Nur Jahan – Wife of Jahangir – Head of powerful faction

• Mumtaz Mahal – Wife of Shah Jahan – Also powerful

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women • Ordinary women – Position declines – Sati spreads among upper classes – Other of Akbar's reforms die out

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Beginnings of Imperial Decline • Aurangzeb – Succeeds Shah Jahan – Programs  Rule all India  Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint

– 1707, controls most of India  Expensive, distracting  Other developments disregarded • Revolt • Autonomy of local leaders World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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The Beginnings of Imperial Decline • Aurangzeb – Hindus exluded from high office  Non-Muslims taxed

– Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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Global Connections: Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge Between Civilizations • Comparison with Russian and Chinese growth in the same period – All highly centralized politically – Absolute, hereditary rulers – Dependent on new military technologies

• Transmission of scientific knowledge • Artistic influence between Muslim empires

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

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