Chapter 24 test concerns

Chapter 24 test concerns  Class average improvement      

71.2% Previous quiz average was 58% [13 point improvement] High grade-87% Low grade-50% Not all students are reading Not all students are asking questions Not enough students coming after school on Tuesday or Friday

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Essay issues “you have,” “you had” Factual inaccuracies Spelling errors [ex. Verticle, buisness] What is a trust? Being vague 1800’s Clichés-”cutting out the middle man,””things running smoothly” Grammar-“this is where,” no one, noboby The organized labor

Read p. 558-570 [quietly/independently] There should no talking whatsoever!  Create notes, questions, comments on a sheet of paper to bring to

discuss in class Wednesday/Thursday  Look specifically at terms you must master and problematic vocabulary words  Do not wait or procrastinate with the readings for this chapter  I expect every student to have at least

one question at the opening of Wednesday’s class period

What you should be looking for

[1] What did it look like it cities such as New York, Chicago and Philadelphia? What was there? [2] What were issues/problems related to Dumbbell tenements? [3] What were issues/problems related to transitions in immigration during the 1880s? [4] Explain at least 3 significant aspects related to Italian immigrants? [5] Explain at least 3 significant aspects related to European-Jewish immigrants? [6] How did Jane Addams, Lillian Wald and Christian Socialists ease the transition of newly arrived immigrants in U.S. cities?

5 minutes for open questions  Each student should have at least one question

prepared to ask for any clarification  Clear your desks except for a pen!  Discussion groups [peer ratings]

Chapter 25

America moves to the city

Modernization of U.S. Cities  Populations of major U.S. cities such as New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia doubled from about 40 million in 1870 to about 80 million by 1900. Big cities were often crowded [densely populated]

 Streets would be filled with vendors and domestic animals [chickens, horses, pigs] causing filthy and unsanitary conditions. High crime was rampant  Urbanization of the United States concentrated large populations of people into cities.  New immigrants such as Western Europeans [Italians and Jews] were drawn by the lure of industrial type jobs in factories.

Accommodating the influx of immigration  Cramped living conditions and poor sanitation facilities were common.  Dumbbell tenements were designed to maximize space by using vertical design [multiple floors] with long, narrow construction.

 Communal bathrooms increased chance of disease transfer and lack of privacy  Early tenements had poor ventilation [causing respiratory ailments] and poor natural lighting due to lack of windows throughout [one room had window]  Prior to introduction of fire escapes deaths due to fire traps were common.

Living conditions and Standard of Living  Despite poor living conditions in cities the standard of living was far

superior to the Old World in Europe for peasants [poorest, least educated]  Public telephone service in homes was relatively affordable  Indoor plumbing [running water and sewer connected toilets] and its convenience had supplanted out houses so typical in rural areas.

Transportation  Electric trolleys were used to transport people through city streets on top of

metal tracks similar to those used by railroads.  Mass transit lines were expanded in major cities such as Chicago and New York [powered by overhead electric power lines]  Electric trolleys were eventually replaced by underground subways at the turn of the 20th century  Public transportation allowed easy and cheap transportation to work for poor citizens

Immigrant Labor and Work  Many of the new immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe were from the peasant classes [uneducated, unskilled] and encountered discrimination and a language barrier.  Immigrant children often assimilated quickly but spoke broken English  Public school helped with adjustment  Laborers often did piece work for local businesses by manufacturing textiles by hand doing sewing [most often women and their children]. Each item or piece was paid a price.  Women also worked outside the home in sweatshops in unsafe conditions for very long hours for low wages

Italian and Jewish immigrants  Italian and Jewish immigrants came in droves to the U.S. in the 1870s to

1880s without money or formal education. Jews faced persecution [discrimination]  Worked manual labor intensive factory jobs and sometimes selfemployed shop keepers when they could save enough money  Ability to learn English helped advancement  Formed immigrant groups [Padrone] to help each other and new arrivals

Hull House  Center in New York that was created to help new immigrants,

especially women, transition to the New World.  Help new comers cope with big city life and learn English  Provided cultural activities such as block parties, rent parties and street festivals  Women such as Jane Addams and Lillian Wald provided health care and job training for women. They advocated against child labor and sweat shops

Mail Order Catalogs  Department stores such as Montgomery Ward [1872] and Sears-

Roebuck [1886] began mail-order businesses.  Rural general stores were replaced for most household goods.  The goods were generally very inexpensive and disposal  The waste produced by packaging created challenges for cities for garbage removal management

5 minutes for open questions  Each student should have at least one question

prepared to ask for any clarification  Clear your desks except for a pen!  Discussion groups [peer ratings]

What you should be looking for

[1] What were the concerns of the nativists and how did they manifest themselves? [2] What was the role of the churches in confronting the many urban challenges? What about other non-church organizations’ roles? [3]How did Charles Darwin’s teachings affect American society? [4]What effect did men such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois have on blacks and American society in general? [5]What was the effect of Congressional legislation passed regarding higher education? [6] Why was the press such a formidable force in the U.S. [1860s to 1900]?

Conflicts between the original and the new immigrants  Nativism arose in response to the waves of new immigrants from non-English speaking countries from Eastern and Western Europe.  Nativism was the cultural defense created by Americans with Anglo-Saxon ancestry who were not only white but spoke English and were usually Protestant Christian peoples.  The new immigrants were only darker skinned in many cases but they spoke languages other than English and were Catholic and Jewish

Protestants, Jews, Catholics, the Salvation Army and YMCA/YWCA  Many of the older, gaudy Protestant churches in populated cities saw dramatic decreases in membership as the older Americans aged [Episcopal and Baptist churches among them].  The Protestant ministries disagreed with many of the old line Catholic beliefs [such as original sin and literalism].  Jewish and Catholic houses of worship exploded in membership with the arrival of the new groups.  The Salvation Army provided assistance to the poorest by providing free meals [often holiday deliveries of turkeys and hot soup]  YMCAs and YWCAs were founded in most major and minor cities by focusing on exercise-leisure and education activities [sports and gymnasiums].  Later the Ys provided very low cost lodging for poor/indigent people.

The Impact of Darwin on religious thought  The concepts of natural selection and

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survival of the fittest brought into questioned much of the Bible’s teachings. Nature’s whim and not God’s will might be responsible for who/who survived and what did not. Many religious and leaders and parishioners at least considered more carefully the role of science in what occurred. Others considered to be religious fundamentalists stayed faithful to the “infallible Word of God.” Nonetheless an alternative way of thinking became available thanks to Darwin.

Differences of opinion on education  With greater opportunity two different kinds of black leaders emerged.  Booker T. Washington urged blacks to attain tangible, practical

skills/trades such as carpentry, masonry and plumbing.  Washington administrated the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama which trained blacks in basic skills and industrial skills. The goals was to be self-sufficient and “useful.”  DuBois, a Harvard PhD, believed formal, classical college schooling was preferable. He called Washington an Uncle Tom because blacks would be “limited” and second to whites intellectually. W.E.B. DuBois

Booker T. Washington

Expansion of Higher Education to the public  Passage of federal legislation such as the Hatch Act and Morrill Act

expanded access to higher education.  Land and financial grants were dispensed to start public state colleges/universities.  Prior to these schools higher education was private and costly limiting enrolling and hording knowledge among the elite.

5 minutes for open questions  Each student should have at least one question

prepared to ask for any clarification  Clear your desks except for a pen!  Discussion groups [peer ratings]

What you should be looking for [6] Why was the press such a formidable force in the U.S. [1860s to 1900]? [7] How did the pragmatists influence American government and thought? [8] What was the role and effect of literary figures during the late 1800s? [9] What impact did women have on American laws and morality during the late 1800s? [10] What was the significance of leisure and entertainment in the U.S. during the same period?

Muckraking and Yellow Journalism in the Press  Both new immigrants and long standing Americans had a “hunger for words.”  Inexpensive newspapers [the Penny Press] proliferated in every major city  Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst competed for readers and

lucrative advertising dollars by publishing sensational and scandalous stories.  Crime, corruption, sex and scandal attractive readers to the daily newspapers.  The money and influence gained by these men struck fear in the heart of their enemies and the government.

Pulitzer

Hearst

The Pragmatists in the Darwin Age  Pragmatism is the belief absolute truths rooted solely in religious or idealist teachings in not valid.

 To find truth one must discover it through scientific testing, argumentation, experimentation and rebuttal.  Two of the most well known American

pragmatists were John Dewey and Oliver Wendell Holmes.

 Dewey created the Laboratory School in Chicago [experimental H.S.] focused on learning by doing.  Holmes was a U.S. Supreme Court Justice who issues opinions [often dissenting] rooted in the effect or application of the law instead of heavily relying on precedent [previous decisions].

Influential American Writers and Commentators  Horatio Alger described the wonderment of American opportunity for youths via industriousness [rags to riches]  Walt Whitman’s poetry expressed descriptive imagery and sentimentality

related to important tragedies of the day [assassination of Lincoln.  Mark Twain in a witty, sarcastic and satirical style criticized many of the social ills such as racism and economic disparities.  Emily Dickinson was a poet who wrote hundreds of lyrical poems on random scraps of paper only to be discovered after her death. She was significant because of her gender and the first prominent female poet.

Influential American Writers and Commentators  Jack London wrote several stories describing rugged American adventurism in places such as Alaska [White Fang, The Call of Wild].  Stephen Crane wrote several short stories often casting moral judgments regarding the protagonists.  Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the classic tale Uncle Tom’s Cabin that had a profound impact on the abolition movement.  Ida B. Wells was an African-American print journalist who wrote a series of scathing articles about lynchings in N.C. and other Southern states.

American Law, Morality and Conscience  In 1873 a series of federal laws were

passed aimed at controlling vice.  The U.S. Post Office was prohibited

from allowing any item considered "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" to be mailed.  Later the list of banned items

extended to contraceptives.  The law was aimed at sexual repression

and dictating public morality.

 Many American women were tired of witnessing the devastation that alcohol

wrought on families.  Rural men were especially prone to alcoholism because of isolation and depression. Domestic violence was also a problem.  Christian religious women were the most active in trying have alcohol banned.  Eventually states began to prohibit alcohol culminating in the 18th Amendment in 1919

American Leisure and Entertainment  Vaudeville [French for voice of the city] shows were variety acts combined on stage in live performances. Singing, dancing, acrobatics and acting were part of the variety shows.  Circus acts created by P.T. Barnum were very popular for their shock and awe value. Barnum’s moniker “The Greatest Show on Earth” combined animal acts with unusual human characters [midgets, giants, and people with physical deformities]. Also some trickeries and deception.  “There’s a sucker born every minute and two to take ‘em”

American Leisure and Entertainment  19th Century Americans were very intrigued by the so-called Western

traveling show millions of people watched from 1870s-1905.  Former frontiersman, soldier and bison hunter Buffalo Bill Cody toured the U.S. and Europe with dozens of performers including female sharp shooter Annie Oakley who became very wealthy from the tours.  Feats of skills, side shows, Cowboy-Indian reenactments and staged horse races were popular attraction.

American Leisure and Entertainment  Bare-knuckled Irish-American brawlers such as John L. Sullivan and Jim Corbett fought as prize fighters during the mid-late 1800s.  In 1892 the two pugilists [boxers] fought before more than 10,000 spectators in

New Orleans.  Corbett defeated Sullivan handing the legendary Irish boxer in first and only loss.  Championship boxing matches became enormously popular in the early 1900s.

American Leisure and Entertainment  Team sports became wildly popular with the advent of “basket ball” by

Dr. James Naismith in 1891 at Springfield, Massachusetts and baseball by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 at Hoboken, New Jersey.  The popularity of the two sports sprang from the expansion of leisure time among young American men. The desire to be competitive, physically fit but yet group oriented greatly enhanced the appeal of these sports. The two “games” remain highly regarded.

Image Sources 

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