Chapter 29

Chapter 29

The Making of Industrial Society

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1

Overview: The Industrial Revolution 

 



Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal labor Organization: factories over cottage industries Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing increases Transportation: trains, automobiles replace animals, watercraft

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2

Overview: Creation of New Classes 



The industrial middle class and the urban proletariat Inspiration for new political systems, especially Marxism

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3

Foundation 





Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain  Shift from wood to coal in eighteenth century; deforestation caused wood shortages British advantage  Abundant, accessible coal reserves  River and canal system  Exports to imperial colonies especially machine textiles Overseas colonies provided raw materials  Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton  Colonies also became markets for British manufactured goods ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4

Cotton-Producing Technology 

Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay 



The “mule” (1779), Samuel Compton 



Sped up weaving output; stimulated demand for thread Could produce 100 times more thread than a manual wheel

Power loom (1785), Edmund Cartwright 

Supplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by 1820s

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5

Steam Power 

James Watt's steam engine, 1765  Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel  Widespread use by 1800 meant increased productivity, cheaper prices

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6

Iron and Steel 

Iron and Steel also important industries, with continual refinement  Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal fuel  Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger steel

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7

Transportation 

Transportation improved with steam engines and improved steel  Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the mid-nineteenth century  Railroads (1815) and steamships lowered transportation costs and created dense transportation networks

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8

The Factory System 

The factory gradually replaced the cottage system  Machines too large, expensive for home use (cottage system)  Large buildings could house specialized laborers  Urbanization guarantees supply of cheap unskilled labor  Factory system required division of labor; each worker performed a single task  Required a high degree of coordination, work discipline, and close supervision ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9

Working Conditions   

Six days a week, fourteen hours a day Immediate supervision, punishments “Luddite” protest against machines 1811-1816 

Masked Luddites destroy machinery, enjoyed popular support

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10

Spread of Industrialization 

Western Europe  Spread to Germany, Belgium, France  French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage for industrialization  After German unification, Bismarck sponsored heavy industry, arms, shipping

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11

Industrial Europe ca. 1850

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12

Industrialization in North America 

 

Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile industry By 1900, U.S. an economic powerhouse Railroad construction stimulates industry; integrated various regions of United States

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13

Mass Production 



Eli Whitney (U.S., 1765-1825) invents cotton gin (1793), also technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable parts for firearms Henry Ford, 1913, develops assembly line approach  

Complete automobile chassis every 93 minutes Previously: 728 minutes

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14

Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels 

Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high 





John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S. German firm IG Farben controls 90% of chemical production

Governments often slow to control monopolies

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15

Industrial Demographics 



Population growth  Industrialization raised material standards of living  Populations of Europe and America rose sharply from 1700 to 1900  Better diets and improved sanitation reduced death rate of adults and children Demographic transition: population change typical of industrialized countries  Pattern of declining birthrate in response to declining mortality  Improved disease control- Smallpox vaccine (1797) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16

Population Growth (millions)

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17

Contraception 

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) predicts overpopulation crisis, advocates “moral restraint”

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18

The Urban Environment 

Industrialization drew migrants from countryside to urban centers 





By 1900, 50 percent of population of industrialized countries lived in towns Urban problems: shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water supply City centers become overcrowded, unsanitary

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19

Transcontinental Migrations 

Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid population growth drives Europeans to Americas  



50 million cross Atlantic Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution United States is favored destination

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20

New Social Classes 

New social classes created by industrialization  Captains of industry: a new aristocracy of wealth  Middle class: managers, accountants, other professionals  Working class: unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerable

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21

Genders at Home and Work 



Men gained increased stature and responsibility in industrial age  Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers  Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work ethic Opportunities for women narrowed by industrialization  Working women could not bring children to work in mines or factories  Middle-class women expected to care for home and children  Double burden: women expected to maintain home as well as work in industry  Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22

Child Labor 

Many children forced to work in industry to contribute to family support  1840s, Parliament began to regulate child labor  1881, primary education became mandatory in England

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23

The Socialist Challenge 

  

Socialism first used in context of utopian socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Robert Owen (1771-1858) Opposed competition of market system Attempted to create small model communities Inspirational for larger social units

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) 

Marx (1818-1883) and Engels (1820-1895), leading nineteenth-century socialists  Scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic, unproductive  Critique of industrial capitalism (a) Unrestrained competition led to ruthless exploitation of working class (b) State, courts, police: all tools of the capitalist ruling class ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25

Social Reform and Trade Unions 

Socialism had major impact on nineteenthcentury reformers 



Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment compensation, retirement benefits

Trade unions form for collective bargaining 

Strikes to address workers’ concerns

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26

Global Effects 

Global division of labor  

 

Rural societies that produce raw materials Urban societies that produce manufactured goods

Uneven economic development Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia 

Low wages, small domestic markets

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27