CHAPTER 3 - Stegenwiki

January 6, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, US History, Colonial History (1600-1775)
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PUTTING DOWN ROOTS: OPPORTUNITY AND OPPRESSION IN COLONIAL SOCIETY America: Past and Present Chapter 3

Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century • New Englanders replicated traditional English social order • Contrasted with experience in other English colonies • Explanation lies in development of Puritan families

Immigrant Families and New Social Order • Puritans believed God ordained the family • Reproduce patriarchal English family structure in New England • Greater longevity in New England results in “invention” of grandparents • Multigenerational families strengthen social stability

Commonwealth of Families • Most New Englanders married neighbors of whom parents approved • New England towns collections of interrelated households • Church membership associated with certain families • Education provided by the family

Women’s Lives in Puritan New England • Women not legally equal with men • Marriages based on mutual love • Most Women contributed to society as – – –

wives and mothers church members small-scale farmers

• Women accommodated themselves to roles they believed God ordained

Social Hierarchy in New England • Absence of very rich necessitates creation of new social order • New England social order becomes – – –

local gentry of prominent, pious families large population of independent yeomen landowners loyal to local community small population of landless laborers, servants, poor

The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment • Imbalanced sex ratio among immigrants • High death rate • Scattered population

Family Life at Risk • Normal family life impossible in Virginia – – –

mostly young male indentured servants most immigrants soon died in marriages, one spouse often died within a decade

• Serial marriages, extended families

common • Orphaned children raised by strangers

Women in Chesapeake Society • Scarcity gives some women bargaining

power in marriage market • Women without family protection vulnerable to sexual exploitation • Childbearing extremely dangerous • Chesapeake women died 20 years earlier than women in New England

The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry • Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth • Great planters few but dominant – arrive with capital to invest in workers – amass huge tracts of land – gentry see servants as possessions

• Early gentry become stable ruling elite by 1700

The Structure of Planter Society: The Freemen • The largest class in Chesapeake society • Most freed at the end of indenture • Live on the edge of poverty

The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured Servants • Servitude a temporary status • Conditions harsh • Servants regard their bondage as slavery • Planters fear rebellion

The Structure of Planter Society: Post-1680s Stability • Gentry ranks open to people with capital

before 1680 • Demographic shift after 1680 creates creole elite • Ownership of slaves consolidates planter wealth and position • Freemen find advancement more difficult

The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population • Large-scale tobacco cultivation requires – –

great landholdings ready access to water-borne commerce

• Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers • Virginia a rural society devoid of towns

Race and Freedom in British America • Indians decimated by disease • European indentured servant-pool wanes after 1660 • Enslaved Africans fill demand for labor

Roots of Slavery • First Africans to Virginia in 1619 • Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for 50 years • Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompts stricter slave laws

– Africans defined as slaves for life – slave status passed on to children – white masters possess total control of slave life and labor – mixing of races not tolerated

Origins and Destinations of African Slaves, 1619-1760

Constructing African American Identities: Geography’s Influence

• Slave experience differed from colony to colony • 60% of South Carolina population black • Nearly half Virginia population black • Blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle Colonies

Constructing African American Identities: African Initiatives • Older black population tended to look

down on recent arrivals from Africa • All Africans participated in creating an African American culture –

Required an imaginative reshaping of African and European customs.

• By 1720 African population, culture selfsustaining

Constructing African American Identities: Slave Resistance • Widespread resentment of debased status • Armed resistance such as S. Carolina’s

Stono Rebellion of 1739 a threat • Runaways common in colonial America • Black mariners, other travelers link African American communities

Rise of a Commercial Empire • English leaders ignore colonies until 1650s • Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial trade • Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerce

Response to Economic Competition • “Mercantilism” a misleading term for English • •

commercial regulation Regulations emerge as ad hoc responses to particular problems Varieties of motivation

– crown wants money – English merchants want to exclude Dutch – Parliament wants stronger Navy—encourage domestic shipbuilding industry – everyone wants better balance of trade

Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 • Ships engage in English colonial trade – –

must be made in England (or America) must carry a crew at least 75% English

• Enumerated goods only to English ports – –

1660 list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyes, ginger 1704-05 molasses, rice, naval stores also

Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663 • Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England • Increased price paid by colonial consumers

Regulating Colonial Trade: Implementing the Acts • Navigation Acts spark Anglo-Dutch trade

wars • New England merchants skirt laws • English revisions tighten loopholes • 1696--Board of Trade created • Navigation Acts eventually benefit colonial merchants

Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676-1691 • English colonies experience unrest at the end of the seventeenth century • Unrest not social revolution but contest between gentry “ins” and “outs” • Winners gain legitimacy for their rule

Civil War in Virginia: Bacon's Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion, 1676 • Rebellion allows small farmers, blacks

and women to join, demand reforms • Governor William Berkeley regains control • Rebellion collapses after Bacon’s death • Gentry recovers positions, unite over next decades to oppose royal governors

The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: King Philip’s War • 1675--Metacomet leads Wampanoag-

Narragansett alliance against colonists • Colonists struggle to unite, defeat Indians • Deaths total 1,000+ Indians and colonists

Glorious Revolution: The Dominion of New England • 1684--King James II establishes “Dominion of New England” –

– –

colonial charters annulled colonies from Maine to New Jersey united Edmund Andros appointed governor

• 1689--news of James II’s overthrow sparks rebellion in Massachusetts

The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: Outcomes • Andros deposed • William III and Mary II give Massachusetts a new charter – –

incorporates Plymouth transfers franchise from "saints" to those with property

Contagion of Witchcraft • Charges of witchcraft common –

accused witches thought to have made a compact with the devil

• Salem panic of 1691 much larger in scope

than previous accusations • 20 victims dead before trials halted in late summer of 1692 • Causes include factionalism, economics

The Glorious Revolution in New York • 1689--News of James II’s overthrow

prompts crisis of authority in New York • Jacob Leisler seizes control • Maintains position through 1690 • March 1691--Governor Henry Sloughter arrests, executes Leisler

The Glorious Revolution in Maryland • 1689--news prompts John Coode to lead revolt against Catholic governor • Coode's rebellion approved by King William • Maryland taken from Calvert control • 1715--proprietorship restored to the Protestant fourth Lord Baltimore

COMMON EXPERIENCES, SEPARATE CULTURES Purpose

Families

Ethnicity

Economy

New England

Religious

Nuclear families

Mostly English

Family farms

Middle Colonies

Mixed

Nuclear families

Mixed European

Family farms

Chesapeake Gain wealth

Extended families

Lower South Gain wealth

Extended families

English (majority) & African English & African (majority)

Market plantations (tobacco) Market plantations (rice, indigo)

Local Aspirations Within an Atlantic Empire • By 1700 England’s attitude toward the

colonies had changed dramatically • Sectional differences within the colonies were profound • They were all part of Great Britain but had little to do with each other

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