Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

February 6, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, World History, Middle Ages
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PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Chapter 3.2

Art of the Middle Ages

Copyright © 2011 Thames & Hudson

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Introduction  Middle Ages 

Marks the end of the Classical world



Ends at the beginning of the Renaissance

 Medieval 

End of Roman Empire in the west by 476 CE



The western part of the empire followed the Roman Catholic Church

 Byzantium 

Roman Empire becomes Byzantine empire in the east



Roman capital becomes Constantinople



The eastern part of the empire followed the Greek Orthodox Church

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Introduction cont.  Romanesque 

Begins in the 11th century CE



Period of building large stone churches covered with sculpture

 Gothic 

c. 1150 to the fifteenth century



Known for grand cathedrals

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Some stylistic characteristics of art from the Middle Ages:  Expresses spiritual concerns rather than humanist ones

 Made to support religion and pilgrimages  Centered around location of relics and important sites  Religious subject matter

 Richly decorated manuscripts  Fantastical animal-like forms  Elongated and twisted figures

 Grand-scale cathedrals

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.31 Map of Europe and the Middle East in the Middle Ages

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Art of Late Antiquity  Marks the transition from the pagan polytheistic religions to three large monotheistic religions: 

Judaism • Descendants of Abraham • Yahweh’s (God’s) face is not shown in art • Few examples of Jewish art survive



Christianity • Worships Jesus Christ as the son of God • Second Commandment  



Admonishes that Christians should not worship idols Some sects believe that this warns against making images of religious figures

Islam • Muhammad as main prophet of Allah (God) • Does not show Allah in art, and rarely shows human figures

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.32 Interior west wall of synagogue at Dura Europos, Syria, 244–5 CE. Reconstruction in National Museum, Damascus, Syria

3.33 Exodus and Crossing of the Red Sea, panel from west wall of synagogue at Dura Europos, Syria, 244–5 CE. Reconstruction in National Museum, Damascus, Syria

3.34 Painted ceiling, late 3rd–early 4th century CE. Catacombs of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy

3.35 Good Shepherd, 425–6. Mosaic in lunette. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Byzantine Art  Emperor Justinian great patron of the arts 

Funded Hagia Sophia, Constantinople



Protected icons at monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt

 Mosaic 

Made from glass tesserae



Often placed in Byzantine churches to reflect light

 Icons 

Encaustic paintings on wood



Venerated, believed to possess powers of healing

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Some stylistic characteristics of Byzantine art:  Christian subject matter

 Small icons promote personal mediation  Glass mosaics made for churches  Floating figures in which line is emphasized rather than volume  Flat spaces with minimal sense of depth  Light an important element for churches and mosaics  Frequent use of gold, especially in the background  Empty background to signify no connection to a specific time or place Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.36 Christ icon, 6th century. Encaustic, 33 × 18”. St. Catherine Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt

3.37 San Vitale, apse, c. 547, Ravenna, Italy

3.38 Theodora and Attendants, c. 547. Mosaic on south wall of apse, 8’8” × 12’. San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Manuscripts and the Middle Ages  Books written and decorated by hand  Artists and scribes were often monks

 Beauty and detail of manuscripts encouraged long contemplation

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.39 Page from the Koran, probably late 12th century. Maghribi on vellum, 7½ × 7½”. British Library, London

3.40 Cross-carpet page introducing the Gospel according to St. Matthew. Lindisfarne Gospels, fol. 26b. British Library, London, England

3.41 Detail of 3.40

3.42 The Fifth Vision of Hildegard of Bingen, frontispiece for Liber Scivias, c. 1230, original manuscript lost. Biblioteca Governativa, Lucca, Italy

3.43 The Ascent of the Prophet Muhammad on his Steed, Buraq, Guided by Jibra’il and Escorted by Angels, 1539–43. Miniature painting from a manuscript of Nizami’s Khamsa (Five Poems), originally produced in Tabriz, Iran

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages  Central to the practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam  Pilgrims traveled to: 

Places where relics were kept



Sites of important religious events

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.44 Reliquary of the Head of St. Alexander, 1145. Silver repoussé, gilt bronze, gems, pearls, and enamel, 7½” high. Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium

3.45 Dome of the Rock, 688–91, Jerusalem, Israel

3.46 Kaaba, Al-Masjid al-Ḥar¯am, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

3.47 Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Iran, c. 1354. Mosaic of polychrome-glazed cut tiles on stonepaste body, set into plaster, 11’3” × 9’5¾”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Symbolism in Medieval Churches  Imagery used to teach the faithful stories from the Bible  Many parishioners and pilgrims were illiterate

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.48 St. Trophîme, west portal with tympanum, 12th century, Arles, France

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

St. Trophîme, west portal with tympanum  Last Judgment  

Placed above entrance and exit to church Blessed on Christ’s right; damned on his left

 Christ  

Hierarchical scale Central position

 Four Evangelists:    

Matthew (angel) Mark (lion) Luke (ox) John (eagle)

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.49 Diagram of the west portal tympanum in 3.48

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Medieval Church Plans  Churches were sites of relics and made for pilgrimages  Romanesque churches 

Some architectural features reminiscent of ancient Rome



Pointed arch a new aspect at this time



Use of tympanum

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.50 St. Sernin, c. 1070–1120, Toulouse, France

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

St. Sernin, Toulouse, France  St. Sernin Church 

Designed in shape of Latin cross



Entrance on the west; entrance on the east



Towers show generations of building



Bell tower shows evolution of pointed arch in upper levels



Entrance on the west via a portal featuring Last Judgment tympanum



Altar to the east

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.51 Latin cross plan

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

The Rise of the Gothic  Gothic architecture 

Increased height



Rib vaults



Flying buttresses

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.52 Chartres Cathedral, completed 1260, France

3.53 Chartres Cathedral, interior view showing labyrinth

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

To see more of this beautiful and dramatic building, watch:

The Gothic Cathedral of Chartres

Click the image above to launch the video Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

3.54 Cimabue, Virgin and Child Enthroned, c. 1280. Tempera and gold on wood, 12’7½” × 7’4”. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy

3.55 Giotto, Virgin and Child Enthroned, c. 1310. Tempera on wood, 10’7”× 6’9”. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Discussion question 1. The Middle Ages was a time of strong religious belief. Select two artworks, each made for believers of a different religion, and contrast how the artist has emphasized the religious elements of the artwork.

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Copyright © 2011 Thames & Hudson

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Discussion question 2. Compare the architecture of a Gothic cathedral with that of an Islamic mosque. How does the architecture of each reflect the beliefs and rituals of its worshipers?

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Copyright © 2011 Thames & Hudson

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Discussion question 3. Select one two-dimensional artwork (paintings, mosaics, manuscripts) from the West and one from the Byzantine tradition. Contrast the form and content of the two artworks.

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Copyright © 2011 Thames & Hudson

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

This concludes the PowerPoint slide set for Chapter 3.2

Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts By Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

Copyright © 2011 Thames & Hudson

PowerPoints developed by CreativeMyndz Multimedia Studios

Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages

PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT

Picture Credits for Chapter 3.2 3.31

Drazen Tomic

3.32, 3.33 Zev Radovan/www.BibleLandPictures.com 3.34

Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy

3.35

Photo Scala, Florence

3.36

Monastery of St. Catherine, Sinai, Egypt

3.37

Photo Scala, Florence

3.38

Cameraphoto/Scala, Florence

3.39, 3.40, 3.41 British Library, London 3.42

Biblioteca Governativa, Lucca

3.43

British Library/akg-images

3.44

Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels

3.45

© Hanan Isachar/Corbis

3.46

Mohamed Amin/Robert Harding

3.47

Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939, Acc. no. 39.20. Photo Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence

3.48

© Matthew Lambley/Alamy

3.49

Ralph Larmann

3.50

© Rolf Richardson/Alamy

3.51

Ralph Larmann

3.52

Hervé Champollion/akg-images

3.53

Sonia Halliday Photographs

3.54, 3.55 Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

PowerPoints developed by CreativeMyndz Multimedia Studios

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