Chapter 4 Greece and Iran

January 14, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, Ancient History, Ancient Greece
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Greece Political History 1000-500 B.C.E AP World History Unit 1

Geography and Resources 

Greece is part of the Mediterranean ecological zone. 



The Mediterranean zone is highly conducive to 



No water resources sufficient for irrigation.

Limited water caused limited arable soil. 



Migration, transfer of crops and technology, and trade.

The areas inhabited by the Greeks relied entirely on rainfall. 



These areas have similar climates, seasons, and crops.

Could not support large populations.

Very few metal resources and little timber. 

Did have plentiful harbors.

The Emergence of the Polis 

The polis was an urban center and with rural territory.  Polis



was a city-state.

Characteristic features of the polis:  An

acropolis.  An agora.  marketplace.

 Fortified

walls.  Public buildings. 

There were frequent wars between the various city-states.

Great Acropolis in Athens

Style of Warfare  The

Greeks developed a style of warfare that used hoplites. A

close formation of heavily armored infantrymen who would try to break the enemy’s line of defense.

 The

soldiers were mostly farmercitizens who served for short periods of time when called.

Hoplites

Colonization 

Population growth used up available resources. 



Colonization introduced the Greeks to new ideas. 



The Greeks sent people out to colonize other areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Increased the sense of Greek identity.

Invented coins in Lydia in the early 6th century BCE.  

Western Anatolia. Coinage was one of the most significant new developments of this period.

Rule by Tyrants 

One-man rule by tyrants began to increase during the mid-7th and 6th centuries BCE. Caused by increasing prosperity and the growth of a middle class.  Reduced the power of traditional elites. 



The tyrants were eventually ejected and government developed in one of two directions: 1.

Oligarchy 

2.

Power rests with small elite part of society.

Democracy 

Rule by the majority.

Religion 

Worshiped the anthropomorphic sky gods.  Many

of which represented forces of nature.

Gods were worshiped at state ceremonies.  Animal sacrifice was a central part of religious practice. 

 Create

a sense of community.

Sparta A polis located in the Peloponnese of southern Greece.  Need to assure a supply of food. 

 They

took over the more fertile land of Messenia and enslaved the people.



Create a severely ascetic and highly militarized society.  Resulted

out of fear of an uprising by Messenian slaves.  All Spartan males trained for the army.  Devoted

their lives to the needs of the state.

Athens 

Attica was an unusually large hinterland.  Supported

a population of about 300,000 in the 5th century BCE.

Ruled by tyrants in the 6th century BCE.  Athens rejected the tyrant families and developed a democracy. 

 This

occurred in the between the late 6th and early to mid-5th centuries BCE.

Early Encounters Persia vs. Greece (526–323 BCE) 

In 499 BCE, the Greek staged a 5 year revolt against Persian rule. 

Started by the cities of Anatolia. 

 



Aided by Eretria and Athens,

This led to the Persian Wars. Two Persian attacks on Greece.

In the 1st Persian War, the generals of Darius I captured Eretria and attacked Athens, 490 BCE. 

Ended when the Athenian defeated the Persians at Marathon.

A reconstruction of beached Persian ships at Marathon.

Early Encounters Persia vs. Greece (526–323 BCE) 

In the 2nd Persian War, Xerxes attached the Greeks in 480 BCE.  Many Greek city-states submitted.  Spartans organized the Hellenic League.  Southern Greece.  An alliance of city-states



that defeated the Persians.

In 477 BCE, the Greeks went on the offensive and drove the Persians out of most of the eastern Mediterranean.  Led

by Athens and organized into the Dalian League.  Cyprus was still controlled by the Persians.

The Height of Athenian Power (480–323 BCE) 

The classical period of Greek history was marked by the dominant role of Athens. 



Athenian power was based on the Athenian navy.  



They subordinated the other states of the Dalian League and became an imperial power. Superior technological innovations. The use of lower-class men as rowers.

The biggest technological innovation was the development of the trireme. 

A fast and maneuverable 170-oar boat.

Trireme

The Height of Athenian Power (480–323 BCE) 

The use of lower-class rowers meant further democratization of Athenian society. 

These men, realizing their importance and demanded the full rights of citizenship.

Athens used its power to carry out profitable trade and to extract annual tribute from subject states.  The wealth of the empire made it possible for Athens to construct: 

1. 2. 3.

Impressive public works. Put on grand festivals. Support development of the arts and sciences.

Socrates Turned the focus of philosophy to ethics.  Probed the precise meaning of words.  Created the Socratic method of question and answer.  Put on trial on charges of corrupting the youth and not believing in the gods of the city. 

 He

was sentenced to death.

Plato Wrote dialogs exploring concepts such as justice, excellence, and wisdom.  Taught that the world as we see it is a reflection of a higher, ideal reality. 

Inequality in Classical Greece Athenian democracy was very limited in its scope.  Only free adult males participated in Athenian democracy. 

 They

accounted for about 10-15 percent of the total population.



Women, children, slaves, and foreigners did not have the rights of citizens.

Slaves Were mostly foreigners.  Accounted for 1/3 of the population.  Were regarded as property.  The average Athenian family owned one or more slaves who were treated like domestic servants.  Slaves provided male citizens with the leisure for political activity. 

Women The position of women varied in different Greek communities.  In Sparta, women were relatively free and outspoken.  In Athens, women were more confined and oppressed.  Athenian marriages were unequally arranged unions of younger women to older men. 

Women 

The duties of a wife were:   



Produce and raise children, especially sons. Weave cloth. Cook and clean.

No meaningful relations between men and women. Men sought intellectual and emotional companionship with other men.  This gave rise to a common pattern of bisexuality in which older men engaged in extended social, intellectual, and sexual relationships with younger men. 

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