Chapter 6

Climate, Terrestrial Biodiversity, and Aquatic Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller, Jr.’s Environmental Science 10th Edition Chapter 6

Key Concepts  Factors influencing weather and climate  Effect of climate on distribution of biomes  Characteristics of major biome types  Saltwater and freshwater life zones  Human impacts on biosphere

Blowing in the Wind  Benefits of wind

 Hazards of wind  “Red Tides”  Volcanoes and climate  Everything is connected

Fig. 6-1, p. 106

Weather and Climate What is weather? How meteorologists predict weather What is climate?

Factors Associated with Climate Temperature Precipitation Uneven heating Seasons Earth’s rotation

Properties of air and water Fig. 6-2 p. 107

Global Climatic Zones

Polar (ice)

Warm temperate

Highland

Warm ocean current

Subarctic (snow)

Dry

Major upwelling zones

Cold ocean current

Cool temperate

Tropical

River

Fig. 6-3, p. 108

Seasons

Fig. 6-4 p. 108

Global Air Circulation And Biomes

Fig. 6-8, p. 107

Fig. 6-5, p. 109

Shore Upwelling

Movement of surface water

Wind Diving birds

Fish Upwelling

Zooplankton Phytoplankton

Nutrients

Fig. 6-6, p. 110

El Niño-Southern Oscillation: ENSO

Fig. 6-7, p. 110

Global Climatic Effects of ENSO

El Niño

Drought Unusually high rainfall Unusually warm periods

Fig. 6-8, p. 111

Greenhouse Effect

Fig. 6-9, p. 111

Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse gases Human impact Global warming Impacts of global warming

Ozone Layer Located in stratosphere

UV protection Decline in ozone Consequences of ozone decline

Microclimates Rain shadow effect

Cities Land-ocean interactions a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean

b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range

c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range

Dry habitats Moist habitats

Fig. 6-10, p. 112

Biomes Climatic effects on biomes

Not uniform “Mosaic of patches” Effects of latitude and altitude

Earth’s Major Biomes

Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Desert Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical savanna, thorn forest

Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains (complex zonation) Ice

Fig. 6-11, p. 113

Precipitation and Temperature Affects Biome Type

Fig. 6-12, p. 114

Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomes Altitude

Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest

Latitude

Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical Forest

Deciduous Forest

Coniferous Forest

Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)

Polar ice and snow

Fig. 6-13, p. 114

Biomes: Climate and Life  Desert biomes  Grassland biomes  Forest biomes  Mountain biomes  Aquatic biomes

Deserts What is a desert? Tropical deserts

Temperate deserts Cold deserts

Semideserts Unique properties of desert life

Temperate Desert Ecosystem Red-tailed hawk Gambel's quail Yucca Jack rabbit

Collared lizard

Agave Prickly pear cactus

Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake

Darkling beetle

Bacteria Fungi

Kangaroo rat Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Fig. 6-14, p. 115

Major Human Impacts on Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by vehicles and urban development Soil salinization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies

Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive Wastes

Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Fig. 6-15, p. 116

Grasslands Effects of drought, herbivores and fires

Savanna

Grazers and browsers Prairies

Veldt Tundra and permafrost

Grazing Animals of the African Savanna (Dry and Moist Grasslands)

Cape buffalo

Wildebeest

Beisa oryx Topi

Warthog

Thompson's gazelle

Dry Grassland

Waterbuck

Grant's zebra

Moist Grassland Fig. 6-16a, p. 117

Grazing Animals of the African Savanna (Scrub and Forest Lands) Giraffe African elephant Gerenuk Black rhino

Dik-dik

East African eland

Dry Thorn Scrub

Blue duiker

Greater kudu

Bushbuck

Riverine Forest Fig. 6-16b, p. 117

Temperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope

Coyote

Grasshopper sparrow

Grasshopper Blue stem grass

Prairie dog

Bacteria Fungi Prairie coneflower

Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Fig. 6-17, p. 118

Replacing Temperate Grassland with Farms

DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

Fig. 6-18, p. 119

Human Impacts on Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grassland to cropland

Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland

Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock

Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and vehicles

Fig. 6-19, p. 119

Forests What is a forest? Tropical forests Broadleaf evergreen plants Deciduous forests

Evergreen coniferous (boreal) forests Muskegs

Coastal forests

Harpy eagle

Blue and gold macaw

Ocelot

Squirrel monkeys

Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

Climbing monstera palm Slaty-tailed trogon

Katydid Green tree snake Tree frog

Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria Producer to primary consumer

Fig. 6-20, p. 120

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Stratification of Niches: Tropical Rain Forest 45

Fig. 6-21, p. 121 Harpy eagle

40

Height (meters)

35

Emergent layer

Toco toucan

Canopy

30 25 20

Understory Wooly opossum

15 10

Brazilian tapir

5 Black-crowned antpitta

0

Shrub layer Ground layer

Broad-winged hawk Hairy woodpecker

Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Gray squirrel White oak

White-footed mouse

White-tailed deer

Metallic Metallic woodboring beetle wood-boring and larvae beetle and

Shagbark hickory

May beetle Fungi

Long-tailed weasel

Producer to primary consumer

Racer

Wood frog

Bacteria

Fig. 6-22, p. 122

Mountain winterberry

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Great horned owl

Blue jay

Evergreen Coniferous (Boreal or Taiga) Forest Ecosystem

Marten

Balsam fir

Moose

White spruce

Wolf Bebb willow

Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Fungi

Starflower Bunchberry

Bacteria

Fig. 6-23, p. 123

Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Human Impacts on Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations

Fig. 6-24, p. 124

Mountains What is a mountain? Ecological importance of mountains “Islands of biodiversity” Climate regulation

Mountain glaciers and affects on sea level Hydrologic cycle

Human impacts on mountains

Human Impacts on Mountains Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Timber extraction

Mineral resource extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion

Fig. 6-25, p. 124

Aquatic Environments: Types and Characteristics Aquatic life zones Saltwater (marine) systems Freshwater systems

The Aquatic World

Lakes Rivers Coral reefs Mangroves

Fig. 6-26, p. 125

Organisms in Aquatic Life Zones  Plankton  Nekton  Benthos  Decomposers

Factors Limiting Life with Water Depths  Temperature  Sunlight (photosynthesis; euphotic zone)  Dissolved oxygen  Nutrients (net primary productivity)

Saltwater (Marine) Life Zones  Open ocean

 Coastal zone  Estuaries  Coastal wetlands  Mangroves  Intertidal zones (shores)  Coral reefs

The Ocean Planet

Ocean hemisphere

Land-ocean hemisphere

Fig. 6-27, p. 126

Marine Biodiversity Cobia Hogfish Kelp

Pacific sailfish

Carrageen

Moray Red snapper

Yellow jack

Red algae

Batfish Striped drum

Sea lettuce

Bladder kelp

Angelfish

Orange roughy

Chinook salmon Devilfish Porcupine fish

Great barracuda Laminaria Sockeye salmon

Grouper

Dulse

Chilean sea bass

Fig. 6-28, p. 126

Marine Systems

Natural Capital: Marine Systems

Ecological Services

Economic Services

• Climate moderation

• Food

• CO2 absorption

• Animal and pet feed (fish meal)

• Nutrient cycling • Pharmaceuticals • Waste treatment and dilution • Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) • Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species • Genetic resources and biodiversity

• Harbors and transportation routes • Coastal habitats for humans • Recreation • Employment • Offshore oil and natural gas • Minerals

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Fig. 6-29, p. 127

• Scientific information

• Building materials

Ocean Zones Coastal Zone Open Sea

Sea level

Depth in meters

0 50 Euphotic Zone

Estuarine Zone

100 Continental shelf

200 500

Bathyal Zone

1,000

Photosynthesis

Sun

Twilight

High tide Low tide

1,500 2,000 3,000 4,000

Fig. 6-30, p. 128 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

5,000 10,000

Darkness

Abyssal Zone

Sediment Plume in an Estuary

DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

Figure 6-31, p. 128

Peregrine falcon

Herring gulls Snowy egret

Cordgrass

Short-billed dowitcher

Salt Marsh Ecosystem

Marsh periwinkle Phytoplankton

Smelt Zooplankton and small crustaceans Soft-shelled clam Clamworm Bacteria

Fig. 6-32, p. 129

Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Rocky Shore Beach Sea star

Hermit crab

Shore crab

High tide Periwinkle

Sea urchin

Anemone

Mussel Low tide

Sculpin

Barnacles Kelp Sea lettuce Monterey flatworm Nudibranch

Fig. 6-33a, p. 130

Barrier Beach Beach flea

Tiger beetle

Peanut worm Blue crab Clam

Dwarf olive

High tide

Sandpiper

Silversides

Mole shrimp

Low tide

White sand macoma

Sand dollar

Ghost shrimp

Moon snail

Fig. 6-33b, p. 130

Primary and Secondary Beach Dunes

Ocean

Beach

Primary Dune

Intensive recreation, no building

Trough

Secondary Dune

No direct Limited passage recreation or building and walkways

Grasses or shrubs

No direct passage or building

Taller shrubs

Back Dune

Bay or Lagoon

Most suitable for development

Intensive recreation

Bay shore No filling Taller shrubs and trees

Fig. 6-34, p. 131

Coral Reefs

Fig. 6-35, p. 132

Major Threats to Coral Reefs Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion

Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers

Fig. 6-36, p. 133

Human Impacts on Marine Systems Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development

Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level

Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats

Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed

Fig. 6-37, p. 133

Freshwater Life Zones Standing water

Flowing water

Fig. 6-40, p. 135

Freshwater Biodiversity Bluegill

Brook trout

White waterlily

White bass

Bulrush Muskellunge Rainbow darter Water lettuce

Bowfish

Water hyacinth

Bladderwort

Largemouth black bass Black crappie White sturgeon Yellow perch

Velvet cichlid

American smelt Walleyed pike Eelgrass

Longnose gar

Common piranha Carp Channel catfish Egyptian white lotus African lungfish

Fig. 6-38, p. 134

Freshwater Systems

Ecological Services

Natural Capital: Freshwater Systems

Economic Services

• Climate moderation

• Food

• Nutrient cycling

• Drinking water

• Waste treatment and dilution

• Irrigation water • Hydroelectricity

• Flood control • Groundwater recharge

• Transportation corridors • Recreation

• Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species

• Employment

• Genetic resources and biodiversity

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

• Scientific information

Fig. 6-39, p. 135

Life Zones in Lakes Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone

Nutrients in Lakes: Oligotrophic

Fig. 6-41a, p. 136

Nutrients in Lakes: Eutrophic

Fig. 6-41b, p. 136

Stream Systems Runoff Watershed

Drainage basin Floodplain

Fig. 6-42, p. 136

Inland Wetlands Importance of Wetlands Types:  Marshes  Swamps  Prairie potholes  Floodplains  Bogs and fens  Tundra  Seasonal

Human Impacts on Freshwater Systems Dams, diversions and canals

Flood control levees and dikes Wetland destruction

Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones Pollution

Natural renewal Ecology: “Everything is connected”