Chapter 7

January 8, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Sociology
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Third Edition ANTHONY GIDDENS ● MITCHELL DUNEIER ● RICHARD APPELBAUM ● DEBORA CARR Slides created by Shannon Anderson, Roanoke College

Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality 1

Social stratification • Social stratification is structured inequality between groups. • This inequality may be based on economics, gender, race, religion, age, or another factor • What is at play is power.

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

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Characteristics of stratification systems • • •

Systems of inequality are organized around groups with a shared characteristic. The social location of a group is significant in terms of the life chances of members. Rankings of groups change only very slowly.

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Three basic models • Slavery—ownership of certain people • Caste—status for life • Class—positions based on economics

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Class systems • In modern societies, class systems dominate. • While class systems do allow for social mobility, opportunities are not evenly distributed across social groups. • Class has a significant impact on many aspects of life, including education, occupation, place of residence, marriage partner, and more.

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Figure 7.1 The Kuznets Curve

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

How do stratification systems look today? • In modern, industrialized societies, there is little overt support for rigid systems of inequality. • Remaining caste systems appear to be transitioning into class systems. • From the time of World War II to the 1970s, class boundaries appeared to soften, but they have been hardening since the 1970s.

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Marx and class conflict • Karl Marx was very interested in class relations in capitalist societies. • Class was determined solely by one’s relation to the means of production. – Proletariat and bourgeoisie – Group membership utterly determined life chances.

• Ultimately the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie, ending the reign of capitalism. © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

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Weber: Class and status • For Max Weber, position in a stratification system was not based on economics alone: social status was also significant. • Weber’s multidimensional approach is attractive to those who believe that social prestige and power can be independent of economics.

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Functionalist approaches • Functionalist theorists attempt to understand what role inequality plays in keeping society at equilibrium. • Davis and Moore (1945) argued that stratification benefited society by ensuring that the most important roles would be filled by the most talented and worthy people.

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What is social class? • Social class is some mixture of: – Wealth – Income – Education – Occupation

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Race and wealth • Though race is not an actual component of class, there is a clear intersection. • Research shows that non-whites generally have less wealth and education than other social groups. • Non-whites are also much more likely to experience discrimination when buying homes.

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Social Inequality in the U.S. Median net worth of American families based on various social factors $300,000

EDUCATION No high school High school

$225,000

Some college College degree

AGE 0

55

35

65

45

75

$150,000

RACE OR ETHNICITY

$75,000

Nonwhite or Hispanic White, non-Hispanic

HOME OWNERSHIP

$0

Renter Owner

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

SOURCE: U.S. Federal Reserve Board 2009.

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Social Inequality in the U.S. Median net worth by percentile

$2m

$1m

$0 0%

25%

50%

75%

90%

100%

PERCENTILE OF NET WORTH

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

SOURCE: U.S. Federal Reserve Board 2009.

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Occupational prestige Occupation Accountant Cab driver Carpenter Classical musician Electrical engineer Garbage collector Journalist Physician Police officer Real estate agent Registered nurse Secretary Shoe shiner Social worker Sociologist Waiter or waitress

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Rank (1 = most prestigious; 16 = least prestigious) _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 15

The rankings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Physician Electrical engineer Sociologist Accountant Registered nurse Classical musician Police officer Journalist Social worker Secretary Real estate agent Carpenter Cab driver Waiter or waitress Garbage collector Shoe shiner

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The American middle class • The United States understands itself as a middle-class society. • This fits with strongly held ideologies, including classlessness, meritocracy, and the work ethic. • Middle-class ideologies tend to promote the reproduction of inequality.

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Social mobility • Social mobility is the movement of people up or down the stratification system. • Class systems allow for more movement than slave or caste systems. • Even so, it remains quite difficult to achieve upward, intergenerational social mobility.

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Poverty • Despite the wealth of resources and opportunities in the United States, poverty remains a significant social problem. • Sociologists discuss two general types of poverty: absolute poverty and relative poverty.

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Poverty in the United States • A full 12.5 percent of the population in 2007 was in poverty (more than 37 million people); this is the highest rate among the major industrialized nations. • One-third of these people is working. • Poverty is calculated using a formula from the 1960s, whereby the poverty line is based on an income three times the cost of monthly groceries.

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Why are the poor poor? • Poverty is not simply the result of not working hard. • Explanations for poverty are diverse. • What we know is that low earnings (often based on a low minimum wage) make it very hard to “get ahead.” • Also, the poor have less educational attainment, less health insurance, and more broadly, diminished life chances.

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Gender and poverty • Sociologists often discuss what is called the feminization of poverty. • Because of social changes, including divorce and the increasing normalization of single-parenting, there are more female-headed households today than throughout modern U.S. history. • Of these families, 28 percent were poor in 2007.

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Explanations for poverty • Sociologists have many empirical explanations for poverty, but by and large they all fall under one of two themes: – Blaming the victim (culture of poverty arguments) – Blaming the system (social exclusion, structural arguments)

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Poverty and social problems • Social welfare systems • Homelessness

• Lack of basic medical care • Educational segregation • People turn to non-conventional means to make money. © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

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Does inequality affect you? • The U.S. economy is changing; that means changing jobs, changing wages, and new competition. • Inequality has been on the rise for the past three to four decades.

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This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint Presentation for Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality

For more learning resources, please visit our online StudySpace at: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/soc/essentials-of-sociology7/

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Clicker Questions 1. What is social stratification? a. the existence of structured inequalities between individuals and groups in a society b. a system in which success is based on whom you know. c. a system based on the simple fact that some people are lucky and others are unlucky d. a condition that results when people’s social mobility is hindered, such as in caste or slavery systems

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

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Clicker Questions 2. If someone is poor when compared with the standard of living for most people, he or she experiences a. absolute poverty. b. relative poverty. c. downward mobility. d. structural mobility.

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Clicker Questions 3. What is the basis of Karl Marx’s theory of class? a. Class is a by-product of the Industrial Revolution. b. Modern societies are divided into those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor. c. People with power will always use it to project their material interests. d. Class is a transitory system of stratification between feudal estates and the classlessness of communist society.

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Clicker Questions 4. What term describes the movement of individuals or groups between different social positions? a. social mobility b. social exclusion c. social structure d. vertical advancement

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Clicker Questions 5. What did Max Weber add to Karl Marx’s theory of class? a. Weber argued that income was more important than property in determining class standing in modern society. b. Weber argued that marketable skills were as important as property in determining class standing and that status was as important as class as a dimension of stratification in modern society. c. Weber argued that society was much too complex for anything remotely resembling Marx’s historical materialism (his theory of history). d. Weber understood the enduring significance of the middle class. © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

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Clicker Questions 6. Which of the following systems of stratification permit the least amount of mobility? a. caste b. class c. slavery d. clan

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Clicker Questions 7. Since the early 1970s, inequality in the United States has a. increased. b. decreased. c. remained approximately the same d. become more difficult to measure.

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

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Art Presentation Slides Chapter 7

Stratification, Class, and Inequality Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appelbaum Deborah Carr

Chapter Opener

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

How do students derive status from the products they buy and the clothes they wear?

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Women from the Dalit caste (formally known as Untouchables) earn a living as sewage scavengers in the slums of Ranchi, India.

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.1 The Kuznets Curve

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.2 Distribution of Income in the United States, 1967– 2008

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.3 Social Inequality In The U.S.

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Social Inequality in the U.S. Median net worth of American families based on various social factors $300,000

EDUCATION No high school High school

$225,000

Some college College degree

AGE 0

55

35

65

45

75

$150,000

RACE OR ETHNICITY

$75,000

Nonwhite or Hispanic White, non-Hispanic

HOME OWNERSHIP

$0

Renter Owner

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

SOURCE: U.S. Federal Reserve Board 2009.

Social Inequality in the U.S. Median net worth by percentile

$2m

$1m

$0 0%

25%

50%

75%

90%

PERCENTILE OF NET WORTH

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

SOURCE: U.S. Federal Reserve Board 2009.

100%

Globalization and Everyday Life

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Globalization and Everyday Life

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Table 7.1 How Has an Increase in Income

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.4 Income Inequality in Selected Industrialized Countries: Ratio of Richest 20 Percent to Poorest 20 Percent for 2008

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.5 Black and Latino Household Income Compared to Whites’

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Over the last two decades Tony Barbagallo has collected around $3.6 million in stock options from companies

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The former governor of Florida, Jeb Bush, shares a joke with former president George W. Bush, his brother, and his father, former president George H. W. Bush.

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.6 Percentage of Americans Living in Poverty, 1959– 2008

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

What does Katherine Newman’s research reveal about the working poor?

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.7 Median Income and Poverty Rates for Households in 2008, by Race and Ethnicity

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.8 Families with Children: Percentage in Poverty, by Race and Ethnicity, Marital Status, and Sex of Householder, 2006

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 7.9 Percentage of the U.S. Population on Welfare since 1960.

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The people who are at the greatest risk of becoming homeless are those who work in jobs that have low wages, live in poverty, and also struggle with personal troubles such as mental illness, Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition alcoholism, and family problems. Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

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This concludes the Art Presentation Slides Slide Set for Chapter 7

Essentials Of Sociology THIRD EDITION

by Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appelbaum Deborah Carr

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