Chapter 8 The First World War

1914-1920

Starter #2: Tuesday 11/2  One day after school, you see two groups of

schoolmates involved in a fight. Both sides yell to you to join in and help their side. What are the advantages and disadvantages of remaining neutral and staying out of the fight?  What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting involved?  If you do get involved, how do you decide which group to join?  What do you think we are studying today??

Starter #1: Monday 11/1  QUARTER 2 WEEK 1  Read The Inside Story on page 230  Why did Gavrilo Princip join a terrorist organization?

 What happened within a few weeks of the

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Chapter 8 Section 1 A World Crisis  Causes of WWI  Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand spark that started the fire  Need wood & starter fuel to start fire

Causes of World War I

M ilitarism

A I

lliances mperialism

N ationalism

Militarism  Policy of military preparedness and building up of

weapons  Germany began building up army, navy, and creating military plans  Worried others, so they began building up as well

Alliances  Partnerships  Enacted to maintain peace, but they’re the reason the

war started  Alliances before the war  Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy  Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia

Alliances continued…  Balance of Power: each nation or alliance had equal

strength  Thought would decrease chances of war

Imperialism  Growing nationalism caused countries to compete for

colonies overseas  More colonies = stronger country  Kaiser Wilhelm II – German leader wanted colonies for Germany to build up army

Nationalism  Extreme pride and devotion for one’s country  Caused the formation of new nations  Austria Hungary began to expand and push into the

region of Bosnia and others

War Breaks Out  Arrested Princip –found out Serbia provided the

weapons/bombs  Austria Hungary blamed Serbia for murder  Russia vowed to back Serbia, so began mobilizing  Germany took this as war was imminent, so they declared war on Russia and France (Russia’s ally)

The Germans take Belgium  Utilized Schlieffen Plan by attacking Belgium  Great Britain vowed to protect Belgium – so they

declared war on Germany  2 sides emerged  Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire  Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy

A new kind of warfare  France had not changed fighting style since 1800s  Bright red uniforms, close combat  Met with machine gun fire

 Quick setup, 600 bullets per minute  Germany prepared, expected quick victory  Troops would be home “before the leaves had fallen”

The War Reaches a Stalemate  Trench Warfare  Both sides dug trenches  400 miles along the Western Front

 Switzerland to the North Sea

Trench Warfare  Lived in trenches, surrounded by machine fire,

grenades, artillery shells  No man’s land – land separating enemy trenches  Created deadlock between two sides

New Weapons  Gas attacks: not always effective because of the change

in winds  Made canisters of gas to shoot into enemies trenches which would destroy soldiers lungs  Traditionalists did not agree with gas – unethical  Gas masks lowered risks with gas  Tanks and Airplanes  Red Baron

Starter #3: Wednesday 11/3  PLEASE GRAB YOUR CLICKER FROM BEHIND MY

DESK!  Read the Inside Story on page 238.  What assurances were passengers given about taking the Luistania into a war zone?  What was the first sign of trouble? What did it indicate?

Chapter 8 Section 2 The United States in World War I  The United States stays Neutral  Isolationism: policy of not being involved in the

affairs of other nations  Long standing history of it  Precedent

Which of the following doesn’t belong? A. Isolated 0%

B. Neutral 0%

C. Involved 0%

D. Stay out 0%

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Who was the first President to encourage Isolationism? A. Teddy Roosevelt B. George

Washington C. William McKinley D. Abe Lincoln

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Leaning toward the Allies  Germany made Wilson nervous  Greater ties to Great Britain and France  Great Britain bought $75 million war goods from US

each week

German Submarine Warfare  Great Britain had strong blockade on Germans ports –

blocking on goods and trading  U-Boats – undersea boats to attack ships  Unrestricted Submarine Warfare  All waters surrounding Great Britain was a war zone, all ships could be fired upon  Wilson said this policy violated the laws of neutrality

Which countries’ waters did Germany claim that would fire upon if they were entered? A. Italy 0%

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C. Spain 0%

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What type of boat was a UBoat? A. Submarine B. Ski Boat C. Cruise Liner

D. Barge

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Heading Toward War  Sinking of Lusitania – demand end to policy  Sussex Pledge: promise not to sink merchant vessels

“without warning and without saving human lives”

What was found at the bottom of the Lusitania? 0%

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D. Secret battle plans

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Wilson’s Re-election  Wilson vowed not to send troops over to Europe  Opponent was pro-war  Wilson won by only 3%

 Tried to work out peace in Europe, neither side would

admit fault  Ended when Germany resumed Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

The Zimmerman Note  Promised alliance between Germany and Mexico  Claimed that after the war, Germany would help

reclaim Mexican territory that US took  British intercepted note  Changed many Americans views of the war – wanted to get in it

What was the final straw that caused the US to enter WWI? 0%

A. Sinking of the USS Maine

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B. Sinking of the Lusitania

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C. De Lome Letter

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D. Zimmerman Telegraph

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US Declares War  Germany sank 3 US merchant ships  April 6, 1917 US joined war on the side of the allies

Americans in Europe Raising an Army  Selective Service Act: required men between ages of 21

and 30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces  Not prepared for soldiers – needed training, needed bases

Arriving in Europe  Convoy System: troop-transport ships were

surrounded by destroyers or cruisers for protection  General Pershing lead troops  Felt they needed more training  Wanted US to fight as one, not separate out among allies

Allied Setbacks  Bolsheviks took over Russia  Set up communism: seek equal distribution of wealth,

not private property  Withdrew Russian troops, signed peaces agreement with Central Powers

Why did Russia drop out of the war? A. They were losing B. Bolshevik

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Revolution C. Germans made them D. US made them

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The Armistice  War crippling Germany – food shortages, economy

suffered  Lacking will to fight, Germans Central Powers began to surrender  Allied Demanded:  German leave all territories it had occupied  Surrendered weapons/tanks/U-Boats  Hoped this was the War to End all Wars

 8.5 million causalities

Which of the following was not a cause of WWI? 0%

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D. Industrialization

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E. Nationalism

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Starter #4: Thursday 11/4  GRAB YOUR CLICKERS!  Read the Inside Story on page 246  What were Liberty Bonds?

 Describe some of the campaigns that were used to help

sell Liberty Bonds.

The Home Front  Mobilizing the Economy  Wars are expensive  Passed high taxes – wealthiest Americans paid 77%  Borrowed $20 million from Americans who bought Liberty Bonds  Loan from the American people to the federal government (propaganda)

Why did the government launch a Propaganda movement? A. Build support for

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the war B. To approve taxes C. Build resentment towards the Germans D. Build support for our leaders

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Regulating Industry  Regulate Industrial & Agricultural production and

distribution  War Industries Board (WIB)  “No steel, copper, cement, rubber, or other basic

materials could be used without our approval.”

 Increased production by 20%  Military had first “dibs”

 Remaining goods for civilians

Which 2 sectors did the government take over? A. Schools & Military B. Cities & Countries C. Industry &

Agriculture D. Agriculture & Schools

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Regulating Food  Lever Food & Fuel Control Act  Government had the power to set prices and establish production controls for food and the fuels needed to run military machines  Herbert Hoover (Vice President)  “Food can win the war”  Pay farmers higher prices for crops if produce more  Victory Gardens – Meatless Mondays – Wheatless Wednesdays  1918 exported 3 times more food than before war  1919 passage 18th Amendment (Prohibition)  Conserve Wheat  Anti-German sentiment

What was the Amendment?

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Regulating Fuel  Fuel Administration – goal to conserve fuel  Daylight Savings Time  Extended daylight hours for those who worked long shifts in factories  Gasless Sundays – Heatless Mondays

Why was Daylight Savings created? A. To help the troops fight in daylight

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Mobilizing Workers  Profits skyrocketed for industrial corporations because

government paid top dollar for goods to support war effort  Wages increased, yet cost of living also increased  Working long hours, dangerous conditions, fast pace to make largest profit  Union membership increased by 60%  6000 strikes held during the war

National Labor Board  Judged disputes between workers and management  Government afraid labor strikes would disrupt the making of supplies needed for the war effort  Promoted 8 hour work day, recognization of labor

unions, equal pay for equal work

Did Unions gain or lose support from the government during WWI? A. GAIN B. LOSE

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Women’s war efforts  1 million women entered workforce during WWI  Took jobs traditionally held by men  Forced out once men returned from war  Used this experience as an argument for suffrage  “This war could not have been fought… if it had not been for the services of women rendered in every sphere.” -President Wilson

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D. 19th

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Influenza epidemic on the home front  Both Europe & US  ½ of soldiers who died in WWI died from influenza

(flu)  October 1918 killed 200,000 Americans  Not normal flu, killed healthy people within days  By time it passed 675,000 American died – deadliest epidemic in history

Influencing Public Opinion  “It is not an army that we must shape for war… it is a

nation.”  Committee on Public Information  Created 2 weeks after declaring war  Propaganda – posters, newspaper stories, speeches and other materials designed to influence people’s opinions  Americans began to distrust all things German  Stop teaching German, playing German music, renamed

food

Limiting Anti-War Speech  Espionage Act  punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty  Sedition Act  made it illegal for Americans to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal.. Or abusive language” criticizing the government, flag, or military  Read examples page 252  Violate the 1st amendment?  Schenck v. United States  Some limits need to be placed on individual free speech rights during wartime to ensure the countries overall safety

Starter #5: Friday 11/5  What is propaganda? Where do you see this on a

daily basis?  Try to describe the following common Wartime Propaganda tools:  Demonization  Emotional Appeals  Name Calling  Patriotic Appeals  Half-Truths or lies  Catchy Slogans  Evocative Visual Symbols  Humor or Caricatures

Starter #6: Tuesday 11/9  Read The Inside Story: Will the Treaty pass? On page

254  What part of the Treaty of Versailles was the most important to President Wilson?  What was the purpose of the strenuous trip that proceeded President Wilson’s stroke?

Chapter 8 Section 4 Peace Without Victory        

Wilson’s 14 Points: Plan for Peace #1 Open Diplomacy #2 Freedom of the seas #3 Removal of trade barriers #4 Reduction of military arms #5 Fair system to resolve disputes over colonies #6-13 Self-determination Right of people to decide own political status

14 Points continued…  #14 Establishment of the League of Nations  Settle disputes, protect democracy, prevent future wars

 New philosophy to US foreign policy  Applied principles of Progressivism

Paris Peace Conference  Wilson attended – dream of international peace  January 1919: 32 nations  Big 4 Dominated – Victorious Allied Powers  Wilson, US  David Lloyd George, British  George Clemenceau, France  Vittoria Orlando, Italy  Germany & other central powers not invited to join

Conflicting Views  Wilson: wanted better world  Allied Powers: punish Germany  Others wanted Independence

The Treaty of Versailles  Harsher than Wilson wanted  Germany had to:  Disarm  Reparations: payments for damages caused by war  Accept sole responsibility for starting war  Wilson’s ideas:  League of Nations, Self-Determination of several nations  Forced Germany to sign June 1919

Fight over the Treaty  Needed to ratify in Congress – 3 groups emerged  Democrats who supported – Outright rejection of US

in League of Nations – Reservationists who would ratify if changes were made  Wilson’s campaigned – health suffered  Did not ratify treaty, not a member of League of Nations

Impact of WWI  Political Impact  Economic Impact  Social Impact

 Impact in Europe

Starter #7: Wednesday 11/10  To ensure that war does not break out again, which of

the following should be the priority after a war has ended:  Punish the losers of the war? or  Address issues that caused the war?  Explain why!

1919-1928

Starter #8: Monday 11/15  Read A Deadly Epidemic on page 270  How do you think influenza spread around the world

following WWI?  Why would a flu epidemic cause lasting fear and unease?

Chapter 9 Section 1 Postwar Havoc  The First Red Scare  BACKGROUND  Influenza Epidemic

 Demand for products fell  Economic and Political Turmoil  100% Americanism: Movement celebrated all things

American while attacking other ideas

The Rise of the Bolsheviks  Worried about new foreign enemy  Red Army of the Bolsheviks: Believed in Communism  No economic classes or private property: Everyone

should share equally in society’s wealth

American Reaction  Frightened, Baffled: Embraced ideals of capitalism  Threat of workers to rise up and crush capitalism  Public anxiety became fixed on the Reds

 Red Scare: widespread fear of communism gripped

the nation

Palmer Raids  A. Mitchell Palmer  became targeted during communist bombing plot, started the Palmer Raids  Palmer Raids  Used wartime laws to exercise broad powers against suspected radicals  Aliens  Citizens of other countries living in the US – could be deported for belonging to radical groups

Palmer Raids continued…  Deportation  Removal of alien from one country and sending them to another  “I believe we should place them all in ships of stone,

with sails of lead”  Fear died down with failures within the movement

Labor Strife Grows  POSTWAR DIFFICULTIES  During the war laborers won many rights: shorter

hours and higher wages  Postwar labor leaders tried to build on what they had achieved, yet failed  Wilson focused efforts on Peace Planning  Soldiers came back with no jobs

Labor’s Losses  Showdown between labor and management

devastated organized labor  Take another national crisis to restore organized labor’s status

Limiting Immigration  IMMIGRATION CONTROL  Competition for scarce jobs combined with the Red

Scare, created backlash and distrust of immigrants  1921 Law: Established a quota, set number, of immigrants to be allowed in the US from various nations

 National Origins Act of 1924: Said each country could

have 2% of its population living in the US – wanted to reduce immigration to US from certain countries  Nativisim: Distrust of Foreigners, produced revival of the Klu Klux Klan - “Native White, Protestant Supremacy”

Sacco and Vanzetti  Italian immigrants arrested for armed robbery and

murder  Claimed they were anarchist: radicals who sought destruction of government  Evidence was weak, on trial for political beliefs  Great protests and publicity saw them convicted and executed  High Controversial Case

Section 2: A New Economic Era  Ford Revolutionizes Industry  1920s Ford Model T  Fixture of American life  Automobiles were a toy for the rich before 1900  1908 Henry Ford quote page 277

The Assembly Line  Production system in which the item being built

moves along a conveyor belt to various workstations  Fast production led to lower prices  “The man who puts on a bolt does not put on a nut. The

man who puts on the nut does not tighten it.”  1st year 1 car every 1 ½ hours - $500

 1920 produced a car every minute and price dropped

 Paid workers $5 a day – much higher than average  Ford did not allow unions

Effect on Industry  Create competition with General Motors & Chrysler  Model T design didn’t change until 1927  Used assembly line technique for all goods  Productivity  Measure of output per unit of input such as labor  Rose 60% - workers producing more in less time  Welfare Capitalism  System in which companies provide benefits to employees in an effort to promote worker satisfaction and loyalty

Industry Changes Society  Car travel led to the development of all kinds of

businesses  Detroit MA car capital of world  Akron OH center of rubber and tire industry

 Suburbs  Smaller towns located outside urban areas  Allowed workers to live further from work and leave overcrowded cities

The New Consumer  Buying habits increased  Refrigerators, vacuums, radios  End of 1920 4 in 10 homes at a radio  Gather around to listed to drama & comedy shows  First passenger planes  Companies began to use various mediums to advertise

New ways to Pay  Early 1900s borrowing money was not respectable  Installment Buying  Set the stage for today’s credit card society, paying for an item over time in small payments  Credit  Borrowing money (buy on credit)  90% of goods by the end of the 1920s were bought on credit  “get what they want now”

Weaknesses in the Economy  Gave impression of The Roaring 20s  Not everyone prospered  Farmers struggled the most  Prices were high during wartime  Income and value of farmland declined

Starter #9: Tuesday 11/16  Read The Inside Story “How did a department store

create an American Tradition?” on page 276  How might the Macy’s parade help bring consumers into the store to shop?  In you opinion, is the Macy’s parade a holiday tradition or just an advertising gimmick? Explain your answer.

Assembly Lines  Read the article Assembly Lines  What is an assembly line?  How did they make products more efficiently?  On the blank piece of paper:  You are a craftsperson. You have 5 minutes to draw a full

frontal view of a man. After the time, the class will choose the best drawing to use in the next part of the activity.

Assembly Line Organization  Worker 1: Head  2: Hair  3: Eyes  4: Eyebrows  5: Nose  6: Mouth  7: Ears  8: Neck  9: Shirt  10: Arms  11: Hands  12: Slacks  13: Shoes

Starter #10: Wednesday 11/17  Read Inside Story on page 282  Why would people want to return to the way things

were before the war instead of moving forward?  What is normalcy?

The Lingering Effects of World War I  The Question of War Debt  European nations borrowed $10 million from US  High Fordeny-McCumber Tariff made it hard to make money, so demanded Germany pay high Reparations  Germany had to borrow money from US, made the US assume the role of banker to Europe

The Washington Naval Conference  Arms Race: Competing nations build more and more

weapons in an effort to avoid one nation getting an advantage  1921: Conference, all naval powers invited  Parties agreed to cut back – stop fighting for China  Seemed like success

Billy Mitchell argues for Airpower  Wanted to build up  Plane could sink battleships  Military not convinced

The Kellogg-Briand Pact  Since did not join League – wanted something to

prevent wars  Included several countries outlawing war  60 Nations signed – no enforcement, just their word

1920-1929

Chapter 10 Section 1 American Life Changes  New Roles for Women  New Opportunities  Roaring Twenties: Speedy social change  19th Amendment: women got the right to vote (yet voted same way as husband/father)  Women hold Public Offices  Join work place and get college education

New Roles for Women  New Family Roles  More equality in roles at home

 The Flapper  Young woman of the era who defied traditional ideas of

proper dress and behavior  Cut hair, rose hemline, make-up, smoked, drank, danced  Certain lifestyle, independence/freedom  Did not represent all women

Effects of Urbanization  Divide nation’s booming cities and countryside  Farmers suffered, ¾ workers in city  Cars allowed for less isolation

 Public School became mandatory

Conflicts over Values  BACKGROUND  Values differed from rural to city  Rural: hard-working, self-reliant, religious,

independent  Cities threatened those values  Klan grew in rural populations  Targeted African Americans and Immigrants

The Rise of Fundamentalism  Billy Sunday  Fundamentalism: literal interpretation of Bible  The Scopes Trial  Charles Darwin  Evolution  Clarence Darrow: Defense  William Jennings Bryan: Prosecution

Prohibition    

Outlawing alcohol would promote family stability City Problem Bias gained with Immigration Eighteenth Amendment  Illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcohol in US  Volstead Act  Law of the Land in 1920

Prohibition in Practice        

Felt have positive effects on society Enforcement was impossible Making-Transporting-Selling Illegal Drinking it was legal Rise to smuggling operations Bootleggers: liquor smugglers Al Capone Speakeasies

Starter #11: Thursday 11/18  Read the Inside Story on page 302  What odds do you think Zora Neale Hurston had to

overcome to accomplish what she did?  Why was Hurston considered a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance?

The Great Migration  Life in south for African Americans was very hard  Little choice but to be a sharecropper  Segregation laws created a separate and unequal world  Racial violence constant threat  Looked to North for freedom and economic

opportunities  Outbreak of WWI came a demand for labor to work in

the factories  By the 1,000s African Americans streamed into Northern Cities  Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit, DC, Philly, New York

African Americans after WWI  After war tensions rose between white and African

American workers due to job shortages  Racism still very present in the North even though African Americans aided during the war effort

Harlem Renaissance  200,000 African Americans moved here during the

Great Migration  Unofficial capital of African American culture and activism in the US  African American Activists  WEB Du Bois - NAACP  Marcus Garvey – UNIA (no help from whites)

 African American writers and poets  Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong….

Starter #12: Friday 11/19  Read the Inside Story on page 308  Why would people have been so amazed at hearing

words during a movie?  Recall what you read in Section 1. What other new sound-related technology appeared in the 1920s?

A New Popular Culture is Born  Mass Entertainment in the 1920s  Radio (309)  Music, news, broadcasts of religious services, & sports  Broke down barriers, shared culture  Movies (310)  Longer and more of an Art form  “Birth of a Nation”  Disney’s “Steamboat Willie” with Mickey Mouse

An Era of Heroes  Film Stars  New hero in the movie star  Charlie Chaplin  Lucky Lindy  Charles A Lindbergh & Transatlantic Flight  Amelia Earhart  Sports Heroes  Babe Ruth (312)  Art of the 1920s  F. Scott Fitzgerald & George Gershwin

Starter #13: Monday 11/22  Review Chapters 8-10  Chapter #8  List and explain the 4 causes of World War I.

 Chapter #9  Describe the significance of the following terms:

assembly line, welfare capitalism, installment buying  Chapter #10  Define the Great Migration and explain it’s significance.