Chapter - Middletown High School

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THE WORLD’S HISTORY Fourth Edition

Chapter

15

Migration Demographic Changes in a New Global World The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Migration • Demography: human populations viewed collectively and quantitatively • Migrations: the movement of large groups of people across geographic space • Approach gives opportunity to study lives of average people • Requires new “tool kit” related to capabilities of computers The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “New Europes” • Rise of European global influence, 15001750 – Power of traders & of European nation-states – Trade shift to Atlantic – Increased military technology & organization – Wealth from the “New World” – Slavery – Spread of Aggressive Christianity The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “New Europes” • Columbian Exchange of Plants, Animals & Disease – Diseases kill up to 90% of Amerindian population after contact with Europe – Positive aspects of Columbian Exchange  Food from the Americas: white potato, cassava, sweet potato & maize  Food from Europe: wheat and domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep & pigs The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “New Europes” • North America – Spain in decline by early 1600s – New settlers--English, Dutch, French--failed to find easy wealth – Labor shortages cause land giveaways and indentured servitude, the precursor of slavery  Needed for farming cash crops  Needed to replace loss of workers to high death rates The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “New Europes” • North America [cont.] – New England attracts religious refugees in collective settlements – Pennsylvania attracted diverse settlement because of religious tolerance – French make numerous small settlements The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

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The “New Europes” • The Antipodes: Australia and New Zealand – Few outside contacts until Captain Cook (1768) – British see Australia as dumping ground for criminals (an earlier North American role) – Harsh living conditions prevail until 1868 with the end of systematic transportation of convicts The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “New Europes” • The Antipodes [cont.] – European arrivals destroy fragile ecology of aboriginal civilization – Australian Aborigines initially retreat in face of European invasion but ultimately resist over period of ten years  British believe Aborigines cannot be made to work  Surviving remnant now lives on reservations

– Similar pattern in New Zealand with the Maoris The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “New Europes” • South Africa, 1642-1902 – Dutch East India Company first to enter South Africa (1652) – Settlements include 60,000 folks of whom 1/3 were white (1795)  Predominant African people are Khoikhoi & San

– British took the area to keep it out of French hands; Dutch formally ceded it in 1814

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slavery: Enforced Migration, 1500-1750 • More migrants from Africa (as slaves) than from Europe (as free) in this period • Slavery had existed since Roman times • Reorientation of trade routes to Atlantic put Europeans in control of slave trade • Importance of slaves increases with growth of Caribbean sugar plantations • Were often worked to death The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slavery: Enforced Migration, 1500-1750 • Reinterpreting the Slave Trades – Slavery important in Africa  Slaves were main form of wealth  Were a source of wealth through labor  Slave trade was lucrative

– European slave trade built on African trade – Impact of trade on Africa is in dispute including relative impact on population and loss of opportunity to develop society The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • Conquests of western Europeans and central Asians show remarkable similarities – Occur at the same time – Traveled equally vast distances – Were ruthless in conquest – Sought to impose their own culture on others The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

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Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • Differences in western European and central Asian conquests – Defeated Asians did not suffer diseases that swept away populations in the Americas – Asians had limits on their ability to impose culture – Asian empires in decline by 18th century The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

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Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700 – Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of Spain – Turks rely on gazis, sufis and janissaries – Move into Europe by early 1500s – Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) reached gates of Vienna – Population grew from 12-13 million in 1520 to 60-70 million in 1600 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

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Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707 – Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526 – Are a combination of Mongols & Turks – Major success under Akbar (r. 1556-1605), India’s greatest ruler – Ruthless, he massacred entire population of 30,00- at Chitor in 1568 – Based taxes on thorough survey of resources The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • India: The Mughal Empire [cont.] – Tempered conquest of India with conciliation of Hindu population – Proclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that combined Islam, Hinduism and Parsi – Became respected emperor of all Hindustan – Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) squandered the achievements and ended reign with Mughals in weakened position The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • Safavid Persia, 1400-1700 – Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated Persia in 13th century – Timur the Lame (r. 1336-1405) extended Mongol rule from Turkey through N. India – Called Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi alDin – Shah Abbas (1588-16290 brought in western technology to try to hold on to power The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • China: Ming & Manchu Dynasties – Mongol (Yuan) dynasty, 1271-1368 – Followed by Ming who try to accommodate Mongols to the north – Invasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty (Manchurians) to power (last until 1911) – Qing expand Chinese borders – Population sustained by crops from Americas The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Global Population Growth and Movement • Population growth is result & cause of social change • European population tripled, 1000-1700 • Slave trade reduced African population • Native American population decimated • Europeans flood outside world, 18201930. European growth is fastest in history The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

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Cities and Demographics • Delhi/Shahjahanabad – Each Mughal emperor build own capital city – Akbar’s grandson rebuilt Delhi as Shahjahanabad; population reached 2 million – Religious, military and administrative center – Had the appearance of “nomadic court” with “tents of stone” The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

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Cities and Demographics • Isfahan (Iran) – Became capital in 1598 – Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public square – Major center for craftsmanship – Shah Abbas opposed Ottomans and tolerated European religious groups – Powerful neighbors insured that empire was militarized The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cities and Demographics • Constantinople (Istanbul) – Had been capital of much-reduced Byzantine Empire and became capital of Ottoman Empire – A conurbation three major segments – Braudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later European capitals – Became economic backwater with shift of trade to the Atlantic The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cities and Demographics • London – London grew as these other cities declined (approximately 1700)  London’s growth promoted national market  Stimulated agricultural production  Developed use of coal  Created new commercial instruments  Increased productivity and purchasing power

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cities and Demographics • London [cont.] – High immigration and death rates kept English population growth low – London’s growth stimulated new ideas about economics and its importance – London avoided the parasitism that often plagued imperial capitals

The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Migration and Demography • Demography helps explain patterns in history – Growth of “New Europes” – Re-evaluation of slave trade – Comparison of Mongol-Turkic and European patterns – Compared political and trade oriented capitals

• Migration issues continue today The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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