Chapter11 - biggerstaffcp

January 16, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Sociology, Discrimination
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Understanding Human Differences Multicultural Education for a Diverse America

3rd Edition By Kent L. Koppelman

Section 3

Chapter 11 Classism: Misconceptions and Myths about Income, Wealth, and Poverty This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images •Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Cultural Classism Refers to a society promoting negative beliefs and practices that portray people having low incomes and few resources as responsible for their situation and as inferior to those having higher incomes and more resources Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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What was the response to poverty in AMERICA during the colonial period • Initially, neighbors provided temporary assistance • Eventually built poorhouses similar to those in England to shelter and feed poor people until they could take care of themselves Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Why were people who had jobs so close to poverty Workers were usually exploited by employers who kept wages so low that it was difficult for workers to support their families

Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Why did people think POORHOUSES were the solution to poverty In the 19th century, INSTITUTIONS were regarded as the solution for many problems: • Hospitals for the mentally ill • Orphanages for abandoned children • Reform schools for juvenile delinquents • Prisons for convicted criminals Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Why were children removed from poorhouses • Believed that children of the poor would learn bad habits if they stayed with their parents • If placed in an orphanage they could learn good habits and could be adopted by middle class couples Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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What was the response to the needs of poor people by the 20th century • Studies reported that people were poor primarily because of circumstances they could not control rather than a deficiency • States stopped taking children away from poor parents • States provided financial support, especially to single mothers Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How did the federal government address

unemployment in the 1930s For the first time, the federal government: • Provided relief funds to states • Initiated the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to employ single men • Established the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to employ adult workers Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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What was the outcome of the NEW DEAL • Americans now expect the federal government to play a role in addressing poverty issues • Youth programs (e.g., Peace Corps, Americorps) continue the practice of involving young people in federal projects

• Anti-poverty programs such as social security, welfare, and unemployment insurance continue to be federally funded Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Individual Classism Refers to prejudiced attitudes and actions against others based on the perception of someone’s level of income, education, or status as being inferior Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How are children from low-

income families

disadvantaged in SCHOOLS • Studies show that student scores on standardized tests (e.g., SAT) increase as family income levels increase • Many educators attribute this to the significant disparities for low-income children: • School facilities • Learning opportunities Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How has the federal government addressed the disadvantages for

low-income students

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act: • Sets stringent standards • Mandates testing • Rewards or punishes schools based on student performance Critics argue that the program has been underfunded so schools in poverty areas have not received funds to improve student performance Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Why should problems outside of school affect a child’s performance in school Children living in POVERTY • Often do not receive appropriate nutrition which affects cognitive development • Often lack stable home lives that promote financial and personal security • Often suffer from environmental deficiencies that may lead to health problems (e.g., asthma) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How will addressing SOCIAL PROBLEMS of children in poverty improve academic achievement Studies show that children’s cognitive development and standardized test scores improved: • When they received adequate nutrition • When their family’s economic security is improved • When their health is not adversely affected by environmental conditions Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Who is eligible for WELFARE payments Some welfare funds support widows, orphans, and people with disabilities 90% of welfare recipients are SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES under the Transitional Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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What are some MYTHS about welfare recipients MYTH: Welfare rolls are increasing REALITY: Welfare numbers increase as the overall population increases; as a percentage of the overall population, the percent of people on welfare has stayed about the same

MYTH: Welfare families are large

REALITY: The size of families on welfare is similar to families not on welfare (70% have one or two children) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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MYTH:

People on welfare live comfortably because they abuse the welfare system

REALITY: Seven states with

the most generous welfare programs bring recipients up to the poverty level; all other state recipients live below the poverty level (According to the IRS, less than 2% of welfare claims are found to be fraudulent; far more fraud is committed on middle class tax returns)

MYTH: Welfare recipients stay on welfare forever

REALITY: The majority of children on welfare do not become recipients as adults. About 30% of welfare recipients are in the program for one year; 75% go off welfare within five years Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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MYTH:

Welfare recipients are too lazy to get a job

REALITY: About 2/3 of those on welfare are children, and under TANF, single parents are required to enter training programs and work to be eligible for benefits

MYTH: The federal government only helps people on welfare

REALITY: The federal government helps wealthy corporations by providing over $160 billion annually (In one year, $1,400 per taxpayer was paid in “corporate welfare” compared to $400 per taxpayer to the poor)

Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Institutional Classism Refers to institutional policies and practices that EXPLOIT low-income people and BENEFIT middle or upper class individuals Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Why is the DISPARITY between the richest and poorest Americans increasing Federal policies have played a major role to divert more resources to the richest Americans through

Tax Cuts Tax Exemptions (The number of BILLIONAIRES in the U.S. has increased from TWO in 1980 to 374 in 2004) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How have salaries in the U.S. been affected by recent economic changes Wages for full-time workers (especially males) have STAGNATED or DECLINED since the 1980s:

Average of $678 per week in 1979 Average of $646 per week in 2000 Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How large is the

DISPARITY of WEALTH in the United States IN 2002: TOP 1% of Americans had MORE WEALTH than the BOTTOM 90% of all Americans American CEOs made 431 times the average workers salary Brazil ranks 2nd among global corporations for the most highly paid CEOs Brazil’s CEOs make 57 times the average worker’s salary

Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How do INCOME LEVELS determine SOCIAL CLASS in the United States Scholars define “middle class” as a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices rather than based on income levels Official government poverty levels are specifically defined according to income: Single Person $11,201 Single + One Child $14,840 Single + Two Children $17,346 Two Adults + One Child Two Adults + Two Children

$17,330 $21,834

Source: United States Census Bureau, 2006 Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Who suffers most from poverty • 31% of women in single-parent families live in poverty

• 24% of all women are below the poverty line • Many elderly women worked in minimum wage jobs and now have low social security payments Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Who suffers most from POVERTY Children pay the highest price beginning at birth: • Low birth rates

• High infant mortality rates • High child mortality rates The U.S. has the highest percent of children living in poverty of all developed nations except Mexico Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Who suffers most from POVERTY Elderly people encounter stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination (called ageism) Social security: One of the federal government’s best antipoverty programs, yet about 10% of elderly Americans still live in poverty Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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What are some examples of AGEISM • Stereotypes of the elderly as

helpless, dependent, even infantile

• Anti-aging creams and other products that imply aging is a disease • Prejudices assuming diminished cognitive abilities Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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Why does “ageism” now include youth • Age related prejudices and stereotypes about youth result in job discrimination • High unemployment for teenagers at the workplace • Unfair treatment reported by young workers (18-24) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How do INSTITUTIONS exploit poor people •

Banks engage in redlining Loans are denied due to deteriorating neighborhoods

• Banks require minimum checking balances Low-income people live paycheck to paycheck and cannot maintain the minimum • Poor people without checking accounts are exploited by check cashing stores Excessive fees of up to 10% of the check

• Private lenders charge higher interest rates than banks are allowed, then sell loan packages to banks for a quick profit while banks collect the high interest Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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How do BUSINESSES discriminate against poor people • Blank Price Tags: Merchants quote higher prices to some customers

• Bait & Switch: Advertising a product at a low price, but persuade customers to buy a more expensive product

• Rent-to-Own: Rental paid for a product that

will be owned eventually, usually resulting in a much higher price (e.g., rental of $14.99 for 74 weeks = $1,109.26 paid for a TV that retails at $329)

• Pawnshops: Source of personal loans for poor people at interest rates as high as 20% per month ($240 per year)

Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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What can federal and state GOVERNMENTS do to assist families living in poverty • Provide services to address critical needs (e.g., shelters for battered women) • Subsidize child care for single parents enrolled in education or training programs

• Federal government should require businesses to pay a living wage to workers Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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• State governments must increase funding for schools serving low-income children

• Make it easier to apply for Earned Income Tax Credit and offer other tax relief • Offer tax incentives to corporations to locate in inner cities • Increase the availability of housing vouchers

• Offer incentives for multinational corporations to keep jobs in the U.S. rather than outsourcing overseas Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman

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