Civics Today Chapter 4 Class Notes

Chapter Introduction Section 1 The First Amendment Section 2 Other Guarantees in the Bill of Rights

Section 3 Extending the Bill of Rights Section 4 The Civil Rights Struggle Review to Learn Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Chapter Overview In Chapter 4 you examine the Bill of Rights. Section 1 identifies freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment. Section 2 explains the other nine amendments. Section 3 discusses how later amendments extended freedoms to minorities. Section 4 describes the civil rights movement.

Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• Describe First Amendment freedoms. • Explain the rights listed in the entire Bill of Rights.

• Examine how minority groups are protected by the Bill of Rights. • Describe the civil rights movement.

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Guide to Reading Main Idea Soon after ratification of the Constitution, the First Amendment was added to guarantee basic freedoms essential to American democracy.

Key Terms • civil liberties

• censorship • petition • slander • libel Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Analyzing Information As you read, list in a chart like the one on page 98 of your textbook the freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment, along with the limitations to those freedoms.

Read to Learn • How does the First Amendment protect five basic freedoms? • What are the limits to First Amendment freedoms?

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Thomas Jefferson

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First Amendment Freedoms • The Bill of Rights, added in 1791, protects our civil liberties–the freedoms we have to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair treatment. • The First Amendment protects five basic freedoms: religion, speech, press, assembly, and to petition the government. • Congress may not establish an official religion, favor one religion over another, or treat people differently because of their beliefs. • People may practice their faith as they wish. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

First Amendment Freedoms (cont.) • In some countries, people can be jailed for criticizing the government or voicing unpopular ideas. • We can say what we want, in public or in private, without fear of punishment.

• Freedom of speech includes conversations, radio, and TV. • It also protects forms of expression other than the spoken word, such as clothing.

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First Amendment Freedoms (cont.) • We may express ourselves freely in print and other media. • The government cannot practice censorship–it cannot ban printed materials or films because they contain offensive ideas or ban information before it is published or broadcast.

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First Amendment Freedoms (cont.) • We may gather in groups for any reason, as long as the assemblies are peaceful. • Governments can make rules about when and where activities can be held but cannot ban them. • We may freely join clubs, political parties, unions, and other organizations. • We have the right to petition the government. • A petition is a formal request. • We can complain or express ideas by writing to our elected representatives. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)

What forms of expression other than the spoken word are protected by freedom of speech? Freedom of speech protects forms of expression such as Internet communication, art, music, and even clothing.

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Limits to First Amendment Freedoms • The Supreme Court has decided that First Amendment freedoms may be limited to protect safety and security. • You may not provoke a riot. • You may not speak or write in a way that leads to criminal activities or efforts to overthrow the government.

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Limits to First Amendment Freedoms

(cont.)

• You should use civil liberties responsibly and not interfere with the rights of others. • You may criticize government officials but not spread lies that harm a person’s reputation. • Doing so is a crime called slander if the lies are spoken and libel if they are printed. • Unlimited freedom is not possible in a society. • The rights of one individual must be balanced against the rights of others and of the community. (page 101)

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Limits to First Amendment Freedoms

(cont.)

Give some examples in which exercising freedom of speech might interfere with the rights of others. You may talk with your friends in the street, but you must not block traffic. You may campaign for causes but not disturb your neighbors with blaring loudspeaker broadcasts. You may criticize government officials but not spread lies. (page 101) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ C 1. a formal request for government action __ D 2. spoken untruths that are harmful to someone’s reputation

A 3. freedom to think and act without __ government interference or fear of unfair legal treatment E 4. written untruths that are harmful to __ someone’s reputation

B 5. the banning of printed materials or films __ due to alarming or offensive ideas

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A. civil liberties B. censorship C. petition D. slander E. libel

Checking for Understanding (cont.) Infer Besides the spoken word, “speech” refers to what other forms of expression?

It refers to art, music, clothing, and the Internet.

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Checking for Understanding (cont.) Identify What are the limits to First Amendment freedoms? Give an example of a limit to a First Amendment right.

Freedoms cannot endanger the government or interfere with others’ rights. Slander or libel are not protected by the First Amendment.

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Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Which First Amendment right do you think is the most important?

Possible answer: Freedom of the press to ensure that citizens are informed is the most important First Amendment right.

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Analyzing Visuals Describe Reexamine the photos on page 100 of your textbook. How do these images reflect First Amendment rights?

The images represent freedom of religion.

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Close Are you willing to have letters and e-mails censored by government agencies to help prevent terrorist attacks? Freedom of speech is at issue here. Explain your position.

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Guide to Reading Main Idea In addition to the important civil liberties protected by the First Amendment, the other nine amendments in the Bill of Rights guarantee the right to fair legal treatment, as well as other freedoms.

Key Terms • search warrant

• due process

• indictment

• eminent domain

• grand jury

• bail

• double jeopardy

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Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Categorizing Information As you read, list the rights guaranteed by Amendments 2–10 of the Bill of Rights in a web diagram like the one on page 103 of your textbook.

Read to Learn • How does the Bill of Rights protect the rights of the accused? • What other rights and freedoms are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?

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Are school lockers private? Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Protecting the Rights of the Accused • The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments protect the rights of accused people. • The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. • If police believe you have committed a crime, they can ask a judge for a search warrant–a court order allowing law enforcement officials to search a suspect’s home or business and take evidence. • Search warrants are granted only with (pages 103–106) good cause. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting the Rights of the Accused

(cont.)

• The Fifth Amendment states that no one can be put on trial for a serious federal crime without an indictment–a formal charge by a group of citizens called a grand jury, who review the evidence. • An indictment does not mean guilt–it indicates only that the person may have committed a crime. • The Fifth Amendment also protects against double jeopardy. • Someone tried and judged not guilty may not be put on trial again for the same crime.

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Protecting the Rights of the Accused • The Fifth Amendment protects an accused person’s right to remain silent.

(cont.)

• This prevents a person from being threatened or tortured into a confession. • The Fifth Amendment states that no one may be denied life, liberty, or property without due process, or the use of established legal procedures.

• The Fifth Amendment limits eminent domain–the right of government to take private property (usually land) for public use. (pages 103–106) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting the Rights of the Accused

(cont.)

• The Sixth Amendment requires accused people to be told the charges against them and guarantees a trial by jury unless the accused chooses a judge instead.

• Trials must be speedy and public with impartial jurors. • Accused people have a right to hear and question witnesses against them and call witnesses in their own defense. • Accused people are entitled to a lawyer. (pages 103–106) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting the Rights of the Accused • Before trial, the accused may stay in jail or pay bail, a security deposit.

(cont.)

• Bail is returned if the person comes to court for trial but is forfeited if the person fails to appear.

• The Eighth Amendment forbids excessive bail and excessive fines. • It also forbids cruel and unusual punishment. • Punishment must fit the severity of the crime. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

(pages 103–106)

Protecting the Rights of the Accused

(cont.)

What is the function of a grand jury? A grand jury reviews evidence against the accused. If the jury judges from the evidence that the accused may have committed a crime, it issues an indictment. This process protects people from being brought to trial hastily and perhaps needlessly. (pages 103–106) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Protecting Other Rights • The Second Amendment is often debated. • Some believe it only allows states to keep an armed militia, or local army. • Others believe it guarantees the right of all citizens to “keep and bear arms.” • The courts have generally ruled that government can pass laws to control, but not prevent, the possession of weapons. • The Third Amendment says that soldiers may not move into private homes without the owners’ consent, as British soldiers had done in colonial times. (pages 106–107) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting Other Rights (cont.) • The Seventh Amendment concerns civil cases–lawsuits involving disagreements among people rather than crimes. • It guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases involving more than $20.

• It does not require a jury trial, however. • The Ninth Amendment says that citizens have other rights beyond those listed in the Constitution.

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Protecting Other Rights (cont.) • The Tenth Amendment says that any powers the Constitution does not specifically give to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.

• This prevents Congress and the president from becoming too strong. • They have only the powers the people give them.

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Protecting Other Rights (cont.)

What gives us the right to privacy in our homes and freedom from government interference in our personal choices? The Constitution does not mention privacy. However, the Ninth Amendment says that we have rights beyond those listed in the Constitution. The Supreme Court has drawn on the First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments to uphold the right to privacy. (pages 106–107) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ D 1. putting someone on trial for a crime of which he or she was previously acquitted __ C 2. a group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime __ E 3. following established legal procedures __ A 4. a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect’s home or business and take specific items as evidence __ B 5. a formal charge by a grand jury Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

A. search warrant B. indictment C. grand jury D. double jeopardy E. due process

Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain When can law enforcement officers search a suspect’s house?

They can search a suspect’s house when they have a search warrant.

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Checking for Understanding (cont.) Identify What current controversial issue is tied to the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment?

The death penalty is a controversial issue tied to the Eighth Amendment.

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Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Which of the first 10 amendments do you think is the most important? Why?

Possible answers: the Fifth Amendment because it guarantees due process, or the First Amendment because it guarantees freedom of religion

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Analyzing Visuals Conclude Review the chart that lists the rights of persons accused of crimes on page 104 of your textbook. What is the role of the grand jury in the trial process?

The Fifth Amendment requires an indictment by a grand jury before an accused person can be tried.

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Close Explain whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Randomly searching lockers is a constitutional way to prevent illegal drug use in schools.

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Guide to Reading Main Idea The amendments adopted after the Bill of Rights extended liberties and voting rights to African Americans, women, and other minority groups.

Key Terms • suffrage

• poll tax

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Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Explaining Information As you read, complete a graphic organizer like the one on page 109 of your textbook to explain the Civil War amendments.

Read to Learn • How were the Civil War amendments intended to extend civil liberties to African Americans? • How did the Seventeenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-sixth Amendments extend voting rights in the United States? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

William Lloyd Garrison

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Protecting All Americans • At first, the Bill of Rights applied only to adult white males. • It also applied only to the national government, not to state or local governments.

• Later amendments and court rulings made the Bill of Rights apply to all people and all levels of government. • The Civil War amendments–the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth–extended civil liberties to African Americans. (pages 109–112) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting All Americans (cont.) • The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, freeing thousands of African Americans. • After the Civil War, many Southern states passed “black codes” that limited the rights of African Americans. • The Fourteenth Amendment remedied this situation by defining citizens as anyone born or naturalized in the United States, which included African Americans. • It required all states to grant citizens equal protection of the laws. (pages 109–112) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting All Americans (cont.) • The Fourteenth Amendment also nationalized the Bill of Rights by forbidding state governments from interfering with the rights of citizens.

• The Supreme Court upheld this interpretation of the amendment in Gitlow v. New York.

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Protecting All Americans (cont.) • The Fifteenth Amendment says that no state may take away a person’s voting rights on the basis of race, color, or previous enslavement. • It was intended to guarantee suffrage–the right to vote–to African Americans. • It applied only to men. • According to the Constitution, state legislatures were to choose senators. • The Seventeenth Amendment changed this to allow voters to elect senators directly. (pages 109–112) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting All Americans (cont.) • The Constitution did not grant or deny women the right to vote. • As a result, states made their own decisions. • The Nineteenth Amendment solved this problem by establishing women’s right to vote in all elections. • Because Washington, D.C., is a district, not a state, its citizens could not vote in national elections. • The Twenty-third Amendment established their right vote. (pages 109–112) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting All Americans (cont.) • Several Southern states required people to pay poll taxes to vote. • Because many African Americans and poor whites could not afford to pay, they could not vote. • The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed poll taxes. • The Twenty-sixth Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to citizens 18 and older. • Before this amendment, most states set the minimum voting age at 21. (pages 109–112) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protecting All Americans (cont.)

Who benefits from the “equal protection” clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? The equal protection clause benefits not only African Americans for whom it was intended, but in recent years it has also been used to benefit women, people with disabilities, and other groups whose rights have not always been recognized. (pages 109–112) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. a sum of money required of voters before they are permitted to cast a ballot __ A 2. the right to vote

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A. suffrage B. poll tax

Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain How was the promise of the Civil War amendments fulfilled in the mid-twentieth century?

Laws were passed removing restrictions on voting.

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Checking for Understanding (cont.) Describe How did the Twenty-fourth Amendment expand voting rights?

It outlawed the poll tax, which had kept poor people from voting.

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Critical Thinking Concluding Which of the voting rights amendments (17, 19, 23, 24, 26) do you think was the most important? Why?

Answers will vary.

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Analyzing Visuals Infer Review the chart on page 110 of your textbook. Which amendment limited presidents to two terms in office?

The Twenty-second Amendment limited presidential terms.

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Close Read aloud short phrases from the section and challenge each other to identify the amendment being referenced by each phrase. For example, “direct election of senators” refers to the Seventeenth Amendment.

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Guide to Reading Main Idea Although amendments to the Constitution guaranteed rights to Americans, African Americans and other groups still did not enjoy civil rights. African Americans organized a civil rights movement to gain equality.

Key Terms • discrimination

• segregation • civil rights • affirmative action • racial profiling Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Identifying Information As you read, create and complete a diagram like the one on page 113 of your textbook by filling in key laws achieved by the civil rights movement.

Read to Learn • Why did African Americans begin the struggle for civil rights? • What gains did the civil rights movement win?

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Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a march in Mississippi. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Background of the Struggle • After the Civil War, African Americans routinely faced discrimination, or unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group.

• The social separation of the races was known as segregation. • It would take more than 100 years for African Americans to secure their civil rights–the rights of full citizenship and equality under the law. (pages 113–115) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Background of the Struggle (cont.) • The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) worked through the courts to challenge laws that denied African Americans their rights.

• The National Urban League helped improve opportunities for African Americans in cities. • These groups and others built a civil rights movement. • An important gain was made in 1948 when President Harry Truman ordered an end to segregation in the armed forces. (pages 113–115) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Background of the Struggle (cont.) • In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, NAACP lawyers successfully argued that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

• It violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s principle of equal protection under the law.

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Background of the Struggle (cont.) • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a main leader of the civil rights movement. • He believed in nonviolent resistance. • He helped organize marches and boycotts. • He inspired thousands with his “I Have a Dream” speech about hopes for racial equality and harmony.

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Background of the Struggle (cont.) • African American students staged “sit-ins” at lunch counters that served only whites.

• White and African American “Freedom Riders” rode buses together to protest segregation. • Such protests were met with violence by whites.

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Background of the Struggle (cont.) • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in public facilities, employment, education, and voter registration.

• It banned discrimination by race, color, gender, religion, and national origin. • The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed poll taxes. • The Voting Rights Act of 1965 further protected access of minorities to the polls. (pages 113–115) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Background of the Struggle (cont.)

Describe types of discrimination that African Americans faced after the Civil War, especially in the South. African Americans were barred from attending the same schools as white students. They had to ride in the back of buses, sit in separate sections of restaurants and theaters, and stay in separate hotels. They even had to use separate public restrooms and water fountains. (pages 113–115) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Ongoing Challenges • Affirmative action programs were intended to make up for past discrimination. • They encouraged the hiring and promoting of minorities and women, and the admission of more minority students to colleges.

• Critics complained that affirmative action programs gave preferential treatment to women and minorities, amounting to discrimination against men and whites.

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Ongoing Challenges (cont.) • The struggle for equal rights continues.

• Many Americans are subject to racial profiling–being singled out as suspects because of the way they look. • Some become victims of hate crimes.

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Ongoing Challenges (cont.)

What are hate crimes?

Hate crimes are acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or disability.

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Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. the social separation of the races

A. discrimination

D 2. programs intended to make up for __ past discrimination by helping minority groups and women gain access to jobs and opportunities

B. segregation

__ E 3. singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity __ A 4. unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group

__ C 5. the rights of full citizenship and equality under the law

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C. civil rights D. affirmative action E. racial profiling

Checking for Understanding (cont.) Identify List examples of the discrimination that African Americans faced after the Civil War.

They were required to go to separate schools and to ride in the back of buses.

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Checking for Understanding (cont.) Define What was the purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

The purpose was to ban discrimination in public facilities, jobs, education, and voter registration.

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Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Why was the civil rights movement started?

African Americans faced discrimination and they challenged laws that denied their rights.

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Analyzing Visuals Conclude Reexamine the chart on page 114 of your textbook that lists some landmark acts achieved by civil rights activists. What was the purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act?

The purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act was to protect the rights of the physically disabled by banning discrimination in employment, transportation, public facilities, and telecommunications.

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Close Why is it sometimes difficult for the government to preserve and protect the rights of all Americans?

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Section 1: The First Amendment • The First Amendment to the Constitution protects five basic freedoms of Americans. • There are limits to our First Amendment rights.

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Section 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of Rights • The Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments protect the rights of persons accused of crimes. • The Bill of Rights also protects other rights and important liberties.

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Section 3: Extending the Bill of Rights • The Civil War amendments ended slavery, defined American citizenship to include African Americans, and guaranteed suffrage to African Americans.

Section 4: The Civil Rights Struggle • Groups of African Americans joined together to fight for equality in a struggle called the civil rights movement.

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Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

E 1. a formal accusation of a crime A. __ issued by a grand jury B. __ I 2. the criminal act of verbally C. lying about another person to harm that person’s reputation D.

bail

__ C 3. procedures established by law E. and guaranteed by the F. Constitution G. __ G 4. a formal request for H. government action I.

indictment

J. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

censorship due process eminent domain libel petition poll tax slander suffrage

Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

D 5. the right of the government to A. __ take private property for public B. use C. __ H 6. a sum of money paid in exchange for the right to vote D. __ B 7. the banning of printed materials because they contain alarming or offensive ideas

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bail censorship due process eminent domain

E.

indictment

F.

libel

G.

petition

H.

poll tax

I.

slander

J.

suffrage

Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

F 8. the criminal act of printing lies A. __ about other people B. __ A 9. money paid to the court by an C. accused person to guarantee that she or he will appear for D. trial E.

bail

__ J 10. the right to vote

F.

libel

G.

petition

H.

poll tax

I.

slander

J.

suffrage

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censorship due process eminent domain indictment

Reviewing Main Ideas What five basic freedoms does the First Amendment protect?

The First Amendment protects the freedom of religion, of speech, of the press, of assembly, and to petition the government.

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Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.) What was the significance of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, decision?

It declared racial segregation in schools to be unconstitutional.

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Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.) What practice led to the inclusion of the Third Amendment in the Bill of Rights?

Britain required colonists to house and feed its soldiers.

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Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.) Why is protection from “double jeopardy” important?

It prevents government from retrying a person for a crime of which he or she has been acquitted.

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Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.) What was the impact of the Supreme Court’s decision in Gitlow v. New York (1925)?

It ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment prevents the states from infringing on First Amendment freedoms.

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Critical Thinking Predicting Consequences The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution made poll taxes illegal in national elections. What do you think would have happened if the Twenty-fourth Amendment had not been ratified?

People who could not pay the tax would lose their right to vote.

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Analyzing Visuals Study the chart that lists Amendments 11–27 on page 110 of your textbook. Which amendment spells out the procedure for replacing a president who leaves office? Which amendment repeals an earlier amendment?

The Twenty-fifth Amendment spells out the procedure for replacing a president who leaves office. The Twenty-first Amendment repeals an earlier amendment.

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Directions: Choose the best answer to the following statement.

The right to express yourself in an editorial letter to your local newspaper is protected by F the First Amendment. G

the Second Amendment.

H

the Third Amendment.

J

the Fourth Amendment.

Test-Taking Tip Although you may not immediately recall the answer, start by eliminating answer choices that you know are incorrect.

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How is racial profiling by law enforcement officers similar to discrimination in the workplace?

In both instances, people suffer–by losing a job opportunity or by being suspected of a crime–because they belong to a minority group.

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Charts The First Amendment Rights of the Accused

Constitutional Amendments 11–18 Constitutional Amendments 19–27 Landmark Acts of the Civil Rights Movement

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Taking Notes Why Learn This Skill? Reading and listening are a part of your student life. You read your textbook, library books, and Web pages. You listen to your teachers and to television broadcasts. Whatever your purpose, it helps to know how to take notes. Taking notes helps you organize and learn information and makes studying easier.

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Taking Notes Learning the Skill To take good notes, follow these steps: • Record the date and identity of your source. • Define the purpose of your note taking, and stay focused on it. • Watch for proper names, dates, events, or headings in the selection you use. Include this type of information in your notes. • Write down short phrases that summarize the main ideas of the selection. Use complete sentences sparingly. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Taking Notes Learning the Skill (cont.) • Use your own words as much as possible. Try to develop your own system of abbreviations and symbols. Arrows, for instance, can be a quick way to show relationships between two or more points. • Leave space to come back and write further information about important ideas. This is helpful when you use two or more sources.

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Taking Notes Practicing the Skill On a separate piece of paper, copy the steps needed for good note taking and check off each step as you read the passage on the following slide and create notes for it.

Taking Notes Censorship and Cyberspace Can the Internet and the First Amendment coexist? Congress acted early to outlaw inappropriate cyber contact between adults and children. In the mid-1990s, it reached further. Congress first considered holding online providers to standards similar to those used by mainstream TV and radio networks. Owners of these “airway” communications chose their own programs and so could control content. The Communications Decency Act finally passed by Congress in 1996 had fewer limits. This law simply outlawed “indecent” and “offensive” materials. The Supreme Court found the law a “heavy burden” on freedom of speech, and struck it down.

Literature William Lloyd Garrison encouraged runaway slave Frederick Douglass to become a leading spokesperson for African Americans. Garrison even wrote the introduction to Douglass’s moving autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, which helped to turn public opinion against slavery.

Despite the protection from double jeopardy, a person can be retried for the same offense if a jury cannot reach a verdict and the judge declares a mistrial, if the sentence of a convicted person has been set aside after an appeal, or if the offense violates both federal and state law.

Constitutional Guarantees The constitutions of most countries contain a section describing the rights of individual citizens. The constitutions of the United States and most European democracies describe the political and civil rights of citizens. Other constitutions include rights related to education and welfare. Article XXIII of Japan’s constitution, for example, guarantees academic freedom.

1924 For almost 150 years, Native Americans did not have the right to vote in United States elections. They were considered conquered peoples with separate governments. Then on June 15, 1924, Congress passed laws granting U.S. citizenship and suffrage to Native Americans.

Nobel Peace Prize In 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr., received the Nobel Peace Prize for leadership in the civil rights movement and for dedication to nonviolent protest.

What details reveal the cartoonist’s view of the Bill of Rights?

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The cartoonist expresses his reverence for the Bill of Rights by portraying its major provisions as parts of the crown on the Statue of Liberty. This depiction suggests that the freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights are essential to the concept of liberty in the United States; the glow behind the statue underscores the cartoonist’s reverence.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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