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Chapter 14 Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation
Amniotic sac: a membrane that surrounds the fetus containing the amniotic fluid Placenta: an organ produced during pregnancy from maternal and embryonic tissues. The placenta secretes hormones, transfers oxygen and nutrients from maternal to fetal blood and removes wastes. Gestation: the time between conception and birth, approximately 40 weeks in humans Preterm or premature: an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation Very low birth weight: a birth weight of less than 3.3 lbs (1.5 kg) Small-for-gestational-age: a birth weight of less than 5.5 lbs (2.5Inc. kg) Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons,
One function of the ________ is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels.
placenta. amniotic sac. zygote. chorion membrane.
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Infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as
a)
small-for-gestational-age.
b)
large-for-gestational-age.
c)
premature.
d)
postterm.
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The recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy, normal weight women is approximately ___________ pounds.
5 - 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 40 - 50
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Distribution of Weight during Pregnancy
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Recommendations for Weight Gain during Pregnancy
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Pattern of Weight Gain during Pregnancy
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Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy are based on a)
weight at the time of conception.
b) c)
ethnicity. waist-to-hip circumference ratio at the time of conception.
d)
ultrasound results (used to size the infant) taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Physical activity during pregnancy
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Physical Activity during Pregnancy
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Discomforts of Pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancy can cause uncomfortable side effects for the mother. These can include:
Edema Morning sickness Heartburn Constipation and hemorrhoids
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Complications of Pregnancy
Pregnancy can cause complications for the mother and the child. These can include:
Pregnancy-induced hypertension, which includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia Gestational diabetes mellitus
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Gestational Diabetes: Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy are said to have gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women - about 135,000 cases of gestational diabetes in the United States each year. We don't know what causes gestational diabetes, but we have some clues. The placenta supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. But these hormones also block the action of the mother's insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the mother's body to use insulin. She may need up to three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to energy. Glucose builds up in the blood to high levels. This is called hyperglycemia. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/gestational/what-is-gestationaldiabetes.html
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Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy
Energy Needs 1st trimester- same needs 2nd trimester- extra 340 calories/day 3rd trimester- extra 452 calories/day
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What is in a Prenatal Supplement?
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Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk
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Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk
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Micronutrient Needs of Pregnant Teens
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of gestational events:
embryo; fetus; zygote
zygote; embryo; fetus
fetus; embryo; zygote
zygote; fetus; embryo
What’s the most common birth defect?
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Fetal Development
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Physiology of Lactation
Lactation involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple. Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery. Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors. The release of milk from the glands through the ducts is referred to as let-down. The let-down of milk is triggered by the hormone oxytocin.
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Physiology of Lactation
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Maternal Nutrient Needs during Lactation
The need for nutrients is even greater during lactation than during pregnancy. Human milk contains about 160 kcalories per cup (240 ml). The EER for lactation is estimated by adding the TEE of nonlactating women and the energy in the milk and then subtracting the energy supplied by maternal fat sources. Lactating women require approximately an additional liter of fluid a day. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nutritional Needs of Infants
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Nutritional Needs of Infants
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Assessing Infant Growth failure to thrive: inability of a child’s growth to keep up with normal growth curves
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Comparing Breast Milk and Formula
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How long should breast feeding continue?
Physiologicaly, lactation can continue as long as suckling is maintained Breast feeding alone is sufficient to support optimal growth for ~ 6 months Currently, only 17% of infants are exclusively breast fed for 6 months After 12 months, the baby no longer needs breast milk for nutritional needs However, breast feeding can provude nutrition, comfort, bonding. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Breast Pumps Can Be Used for Bottle Feedings
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Position of Bottle is Important
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Chapter 14 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the . Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.
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