CRJ270 - Chapter 11

January 9, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Law, Criminal Justice
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Introduction to Criminology CRJ 270 Instructor: Jorge Pierrott Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Criminology Today AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION SEVENTH EDITION

CHAPTER

11

Crimes Against Property

Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to answer the following questions: • What are the major forms of property crime discussed in this chapter? • What constitutes the crime of burglary? What are some of its characteristics? • What constitutes the crime of larceny-theft? What forms does it take? • What is motor vehicle theft? How prevalent is it? • What constitutes the crime of arson? • What are some characteristics of persistent and professional thieves? • What are the typical activities of receivers of stolen property, and how are stolen goods distributed? Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Stolen Art Business

http://www.fbi.gov/news/videos?selected=2f369b14-7c40-4346-b6c0-7f6fb9a44534

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Burglary • Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) /FBI definition  The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft  Nevada definition – entry into a structure to commit a grand or petit larceny, assault or battery on any person or any felony, or to obtain money or property by false pretenses

• Residential burglaries do not involve direct confrontation between victim and offender but can cause fear with lasting effects • Commercial burglaries can affect the continued viability of the business

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The Social Ecology of Burglary • Lifestyle and routine activities theories emphasize how criminal opportunity is affected by victims' and offenders' everyday activities/environments  Structure of social life affects ease/difficulty of carrying out inclination to offend

 Three ingredients are necessary: • Motivated offender • Suitable target and • Lack of a capable guardian

• Highest risk are those with the highest and lowest incomes. Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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A Typology of Burglars • Low-level burglars  Spur of the moment crimes  Mainly juveniles, work with others, easily deterred by locks, alarms, security devices  Rewards not significant, many desist as get older

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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A Typology of Burglars • Middle-range burglars  Older, vacillate between crime and legitimate activities  Less easily deterred

• High-level burglars  Professionals, work in organized crews  Earn a good living from burglary

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The Locales and Times of Burglary • Nighttime residential and daytime commercial burglary are considered the most serious • Burglary is a “cold crime” because there usually is little physical evidence to link the offender to the crime

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The Motivation of Burglars • The most prevalent rationale is the need for fast cash • Selection of burglary as the “crime of choice”  Burglary is familiar, the “main line”  It is less risky than other offenses  The offender may not own the necessary equipment for robbery

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Target Selection for Burglary • Commercial burglaries  Suitability  Retail establishments preferred

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Target Selection for Burglary • Residential burglaries  Key factors include knowledge of occupants, tips, observation of potential target  Other influential factors include signs of occupancy, security devices, dogs, access to area

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The Costs of Burglary • Most household burglaries involve economic loss  Stolen property/money  Time lost from work

• Property crimes like burglary have a greater effect on the decision to move than violent crimes

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The Burglary-Drug Connection • Increased demand for crack cocaine in the 1980s affected crime rates  Burglary rates decreased  Robbery rates increased

• Crack trade created preference for cash-intensive crimes (robbery) over burglary

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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The Burglary-Drug Connection • Shift in crimes consistent with the view that property offenders tend to be generalists

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The Sexualized Context of Burglar • Some burglaries have associated sexual dynamics  key types include fetishists and voyeurists

• Some sexually motivated homicides begin as burglaries • Can be explained from the perspective of opportunity theory • Home-intrusion rape Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Professional Burglar http://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/confessio ns-burglar-19106837

Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Larceny-Theft • UCR definition  the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or constructive possession, of another

• Most frequently occurring property offense.  This includes stolen motor vehicles, followed by shoplifting and thefts from a building  FBI estimated that 6.2 million larceny thefts occurred in 2012 for an estimated 68.5%

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Larceny-Theft • Does not involve force or other means of illegal entry • Generally less frightening than burglary • A crime of opportunity

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Shoplifting and Employee Theft • Some retail theft is shoplifting, some committed by store employees  Most are short-term workers  Internal theft more serious than loss due to shoplifting

• Technology is one of the best ways to address both types of theft • Crosses class lines, not committed primarily be women Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Who Shoplifts?

Caroline Giuliani • Juveniles overrepresented as shoplifters  More common in lower-income youths

• Majority of juveniles admit to shoplifting at some point in their lifetime • Maturing out pattern? Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Flash Mobs and Larceny • Flash mobs  Purposeful crowds brought together at a moment's notice through use of social media web sites

• Some involve organized criminal activity • Larcenies committed by flash mobs are considered multiple-offender crimes

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Identity Theft • The misuse of another's personal information to commit fraud • Main types  Existing account fraud • thieves obtain information on open accounts

 New account fraud • thieves use personal information to open new accounts in the victim's name continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Identity Theft • Costs of identity theft  Direct losses to victims  Indirect costs to businesses for fraud prevention and harm mitigation  Indirect costs to victims – civil litigation, obstacles in obtaining or retaining credit  Consumers' fears of victimization can also harm the digital economy continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Identity Theft • 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act made identity theft a federal crime • 2004 Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act

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The Incidence of Identity Theft • BJS definition of identity theft  Unauthorized use/attempted use of existing credit cards  Unauthorized use/attempted use of other existing accounts  Misuse of personal information to obtain new accounts or loans, or to commit other crimes

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Identity Thieves: Who They Are • Hard to classify identity thieves • Often have no prior criminal background, sometimes have preexisting relationship with victim • Increased involvement of foreign organized criminal groups in computeror Internet-related schemes

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Motor Vehicle Theft • UCR definition  The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle

• Automobiles are the most commonlystolen type of vehicle • Car theft violates victim beyond financial loss

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Motor Vehicle Theft • Largest percentage of vehicles stolen from parking lot or garage • Most motor vehicle thefts reported to police

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Theft of Car Parts • Motivations  Car parts may be worth a lot  Can be sold easily  Harder to identify than entire cars

• 1984 Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act called for marking of cars' major sheet metal parts with VINs

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Joyriders • Car theft for fun  Opportunistic car theft committed for fun or thrills, usually by groups of teens

• Expressive act with little or no extrinsic value • Most vehicles stolen by joyriders are recovered, usually found abandoned, often after having been crashed

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Professional Car Theft • Less common as thefts for other uses • Professional auto thieves work in groups characterized by planning and calculation in target selection • Professional thefts have lowest recover rates

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Arson • UCR definition  The willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, of a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc.

• Majority of arrestees white males • Motives vary from profit to thrill seeking Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Fire Setters • Majority of those involved in arson are juveniles • General groups of juvenile fire setters  Children under 7 • start fires accidentally or out of curiosity

 Children between 8-12 • fire setting represents underlying psychosocial conflict continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Fire Setters • General groups of juvenile fire setters  Children between 13-18 • have history of fire setting, usually undetected

http://www.pahomepage.com/story/d/st ory/shickshinny-firefighter-arrested-forarson/34800/0ZKfRfPT_EW9FlldSPhv7w

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Persistent and Professional Thieves • Professional criminal  a criminal offender who makes a living from criminal pursuits, is recognized by other offenders as a professional, and engages in offending that is planned and calculated

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Persistent and Professional Thieves • Persistent thief  one who continues in common law property crimes despite no better than an ordinary level of success

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Persistent and Professional Thieves • Offense specialization  a preference for engaging in a certain type of offense to the exclusion of others

• Cafeteria-style offending  the heterogeneous and unplanned nature of offending among gang members continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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Persistent and Professional Thieves • Occasional offender  a criminal offender whose offending patterns are guided primarily by opportunity

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The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders • Criminal career  Criminal behavior that is an integrated, dynamic structure of sequential unlawful acts that advances within a wider context of causal and correlative influences…

continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders • Phases of criminal career in property crime  Break-in period – early years of an offender’s career 10-12 years old  Stable period – highest commitment. Most identifies with the criminal lifestyle. Period where rehabilitative efforts are more likely to fail.  Burnout phase – 40 years of age, where the criminal begin to drop out of the lifestyle.

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Property Offenders and Rational Choice • Rationality  activities identified by their impersonal, methodological, efficient, and logical components (rational choice)

• Burglars employ a “limited, temporal rationality”

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Receivers of Stolen Property • Basic elements  Buying and receiving  Stolen property  Knowing it to be stolen

• Fence is least common method of disposing of stolen goods for most thieves  most common method used by professional burglars Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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The Role of Criminal Receivers • Professional receiver  Purchase stolen goods on regular basis for resale  May be generalist or specialist

• Avocational receiver  buys stolen property part-time, secondary to but associated with primary business activity continued on next slide Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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The Role of Criminal Receivers • Amateur receiver  otherwise honest people who buy stolen property on relatively small scale

Criminology Today, 7th Edition Frank Schmalleger

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