Crusades1Slide Notes

The Quest for the Holy Land • Definition: series of 8 military expeditions from Europe to the Middle East • Dates: 1096-1270 • Crusader: to take up the cross

The Quest for the Holy Land • Motivation: to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims • Holy Land: an ancient region of southwest Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean

Claims to the Holy Land

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Jews: Torah establishes

claim to the Holy Land • Site of King Solomon’s Temple

Claims to the Holy Land

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Muslims:

• Site of Muhammad’s journey into heaven • Site of the Dome of the Rock

Claims to the Holy Land

• Christians: Site of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection • Site of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Pope Urban II called for crusade against Turks Indulgences as incentive Battles in the Holy Land Eight Crusades

The First Crusade: Pope Urban II “God Wills It!” • Wanted to protect Christianity from expansion by Muslim Turks

The First Crusade: Pope Urban II “God Wills It!” • Wanted to unite all of Europe’s Christians and increase his personal power as pope

The First Crusade: Pope Urban II “God Wills It!” • Promised immediate salvation to anyone who died

Knights • Commanded to defend Jerusalem, the “Fief of God”

Knights • Crusades offered hope of adventure and wealth.

Nobles & Peasants • Peasants who went on crusades were released from feudal obligations

Nobles & Peasants • Escape from drudgery & hope of adventure. • Promised salvation for anyone who died.

Nobles & Peasants • Nobles hoped to add to their personal fortunes and strengthen to power of monarchs

Peter the Hermit • A poor man who attracted peasant followers with his preaching

Peter the Hermit • Also attracted artisans, beggars, thieves, con men and tricksters

The First Crusade Results • Four armies traveled to Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem.

The First Crusade Results • Captured Antioch and Jerusalem • Massacred many Muslims and Jews

The First Crusade Results • Much of the army died from disease • Some Europeans returned home, while others established crusader states

The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Muslim Forces • Saladin was a devout Muslim and military leader • He went to war when the crusaders broke a treaty by attacking a Muslim caravan

The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Muslim Forces • Battle at the Horns of Hattin triggered the third crusade. • Surrounded the Christian army and set fire • Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in October 1187

The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Christian Forces • Called the Kings’ Crusade because the military leaders were monarchs • Philip king of France

The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Christian Forces • Frederick Barbarossa king of Germany, drowned on his way to Constantinople • Richard I king of England, nicknamed the lion heart

Results of the Third Crusade • Philip and Richard captured Acre. • Richard grew impatient and ordered the execution of all of the city’s Muslims

Results of the Third Crusade • Richard and Saladin fought in many battles but Richard never regained Jerusalem

Results of the Third Crusade • Treaty of 1192: Crusaders control cities north of Jaffra. • Pilgrims can safely visit Jerusalem

The Impact of the Crusades • Trade Expands: Europeans want to have the luxuries they saw in the Middle East. The demand for silk and spices grew. • Feudalism Weakened: Knights left their fiefs to fight and serfs were freed. Lords were killed or went bankrupt. • Exchange of Ideas: Military technology, poetry and music, use of money, languages, architecture • Muslims remain in control of Jerusalem until WWI

The Impact of the Crusades • Trade Expands: Europeans want to have the luxuries they saw in the Middle East. • The demand for silk and spices grew.

The Impact of the Crusades • Feudalism Weakened: Knights left their fiefs to fight and serfs were freed. • Lords were killed or went bankrupt.

The Impact of the Crusades

•Muslims remain in control of Jerusalem until WWI