Diplomacy & The Great War

1914-1918: World War I By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Objective 8.01 Examine the reasons why the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I, but later became involved.

Objective 8.01 Micro Concepts Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Trade Isolationism Mobilization Key Terms and People Archduke Franz Ferdinand U-Boat (submarine) warfare Serbia Allies

Central Powers Kaiser Wilhelm II Contraband

Lusitania

Election of 1916 Woodrow Wilson “Make the world safe for democracy” Idealism Zimmermann Telegram Selective Service Act Isolationists Jeanette Rankin

Causes of the War

Causes of the War A - Alliances N - Nationalism

I - Imperialism M - Militarism A - Anarchy L – Leadership

Tangled European Politics

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente:

Triple Alliance:

1. The Alliance System

Triple Entente… Allied Powers Triple Alliance… Central Powers

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers:

Central Powers:

Britain Germany Austria-Hungary France

Russia

Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers:

Central Powers:

Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger]

George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It]

Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr]

Franz Josef [A-H]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1914

94

130

154

268

289

398

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France

10%

Britain

13%

Russia

39%

Germany

73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The “Powder Keg” of Europe

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Assassination in Sarajevo

The Assassin Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

War Begins

Von Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

Mobilization  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

AustroHungarians

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized 14 12

Millions

10 8 6 4 2 0 France

Germany

Russia

Britain

Women and the War Effort

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies  “Mata Hari”  Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle  German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster

Think of Your Children!

The Western Front: Stalemate & Attrition

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

 German offensive.  Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

The War of the Industrial Revolution New Technology

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Convoy System

The Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

Francesco Barraco, It.

Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr.

Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”]

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Railroad Gun

Flame Throwers

Grenade Launchers

Machine Gun

Gas Warfare

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

Russian & Bolshevik Revolutions

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918

“A Separate Peace”

America Joins the Allies

Isolationism

Election of 1916

“Peace without victory”

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sussex Pledge •Tries to dampen U.S. war cries •Germany pledges not to sink merchant vessels with out warning and without saving the lives of those aboard. •For 9 months Germany will honor this pledge.

The Zimmerman Telegram

The U.S. Declares War!

“Make the world safe for democracy”

The Yanks Are Coming!

Selective Service Act (1917)

American “Doughboys”

“Harlem Hellfighters”

Buffalo Soldiers

Americans in the Trenches

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

37,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties (dead, wounded & missing) 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0

Russia Germany Austria-Hungary France Great Britain Italy Turkey US

Social Disruption Total war • Everyone is involved, everyone is a target Women in factories •Suffrage movements Armenian genocide •Foreshadowing of the Holocaust

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914

1922

Erzerum

215,000

1,500

Van

197,000

500

Kharbert

204,000

35,000

Diarbekir

124,000

3,000

Bitlis

220,000

56,000

Sivas

225,000

16,800

Western Anatolia

371,800

27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria

309,000

70,000

European Turkey

194,000

163,000

73,390

15,000

2,133,190

387,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Trapizond District Total