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January 9, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Law, Criminal Justice
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New Horizon College English §Book 2

Unit 1 Section A Time-conscious Americans Background Text

information

analysis Summary of the passage Grammar & Language points Difficult sentences & translation Writing skills  after-reading discussion

I. Background Information Introduction of time-measurements in history

1. Farmers told time by looking at the sun. 2. During 1500-1300 BC, Sundial first used in Egypt to measure the time of day by the sun's shadow. 3. In 400 BC, Greeks used a water clock, which measured the outflow of water from a vessel, to measure time.

A sundial

I. Background Information

Introduction of time-measurements in history

4. In 1088 Mechanized astronomical clock making developed from 200 to 1300. One of the most elaborate clock towers was built by Su Sung and his associates in China.

I. Background Information

Introduction of time-measurements in history

5. In 980, Alfred the Great (a Saxon king) used burning candles to measure time. 6. In 1000, (Sung dynasty), candle and incense burning was used to mark time in China. 7. In 1400s, mechanical clocks were built in Europe, using a mainspring & balance wheels. 8. In 1657, Christiaan Huygens(克里斯蒂安·惠更斯 ) invented the 1st pendulum clock(摆钟), capable of far greater accuracy than any preceding timekeepers. 9. In 1759, John Harrison built a clock, that loses only 5 seconds on a voyage from England to Jamaica. Navigators cheered, and Harrison got rich.

I. Background Information Introduction of time-measurements in history

10. In 1850s, Regional time zone was established in New England to coordinate railroad schedules, halting confusion due to using local (sun) time at every station. 11. In 1884, Twenty-five countries accept Greenwich, England, as the prime meridian (子午线, or: 0 degrees longitude). The prime meridian gradually becomes the basis for time throughout the world.

I. Background Information

Introduction of time-measurements in history

12. In1928, W.A. Marrison of Bell Laboratories built the first quartz clock, accurate to within 1-2 thousandths of a second per day. Quartz technology is later adapted for use in wrist watches

I. Background Information Introduction of time-measurements in history

13. In 1945, Physicist Isador Rabi suggests making a clock based on the study of atoms, using a method called atomicbeam magnetic resonance. 14. In 1949, National Bureau of Standards builds the first atomic clock, using ammonia.  Cultural phenomenon, indication of civilization.

I. Background Information Proverbs concerning time:  Time

is money.  Time and tide wait for no man.  Time passes swiftly and never returns.  All time is no time when it is past.  Time lost is never regained.  The waste of time should amount to the loss of life.  Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced.  An inch of time cannot be bought by an inch of gold.  He who gains time gains all things.

II. Text Analysis What is the main idea of the text?

Americans value and save time carefully. In their eyes, time is regarded as precious resource. A person who tends to waste his own or somebody else’s time is never accepted in American culture. Consequently, Americans try every means to save time in their daily life, business and work so as to make every minute count. Besides, to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in America is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent.

II. Text Analysis: Structure

General idea of the whole passage (Para 1-2)

Illustrations of the general idea (Para 3-7)

Restatement and emphasis of the general idea (Para 8)

By making contrast between Americans’ Americans try every viewpoint oncomes time and The author means to save time. This that of those from other straight to the point: is illustrated by the cultures, the attitudes author Americans’ foreigner’s first emphasizes the main towards time: impression of the U.S.. idea : They save time intime their Americans value In American culture, it is daily life,time business and and save carefully. taken awell. signThey of asalso work Time as is regarded skillfulness or being create a series of devices precious resources. competent solve a to improvetoefficiency. problem or fulfill a job with speed.

III. Summary of the passage

Americans believe so much in moving ahead that committed to they are ____________researching, experimenting and exploring. They treat time as if it were _____ real — a precious resource. They budget it, save it, waste it, charge for steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it and _______ of the U.S. is that it. A foreigner’s first impression ___ everyone is in a rush and oftenunder _____ pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying ________ to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention or elbowing others ______. Foreigners who miss smiles, brief conversations, or leisurely exchanges with strangers hurt by this. should not feel _____ 下一页

III. Summary of the passage

highly they dislike Americans value time so _______, anyone “wasting” it beyond an appropriate ___________ amount. New arrivals to the States will miss the during a business call custom of social talk _______ assess or enquire because Americans generally ______ about their visitors professionally rather than socially. They start talking business very quickly; time is always _______ ticking in their heads. They work _____ hard at saving time through labor-saving devices so they communicate rapidly by fax, through personal phone or email rather than ________ contact. The impersonality _____________ of electronic 上一页

下一页

III. Summary of the passage

little to do with the communication has_____ at hand. significance of the matter _____ __________ Finishing a job or solving a problem rapidly in the U.S. is considered a sign of skillfulness ____________.

上一页

IV. Grammar & Language Points •stand still •result in •Participial Absolute Structure •nothing but •account for •much less •given •save for •at hand •in person •be worthy of

IV. Grammar & Language Points no one stands still…. (Para 1, L1)









Here “stand” is used as a linking verb, and followed by adjectives or adjective-like phrases. American believe no one stand still. 美国人认为没有人会停止不前。 The room stands idle. 这房间正空闲置着(没人住)。 They stand opposed to the new law.=be against Stand firm! Don’t let them tell you what to do. 立场坚定点!别让他们对你指手划脚。

IV. Grammar & Language Points result in: cause, have … as a result (L2) The accident resulted in the death of two and the injury of several others. 这次事故造成两人死亡,若干人受伤。  Acting before thinking always results in failing. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败。 result from: be caused by  His death resulted from an overdose of drugs. 他是因过量服药造成死亡的。  Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid by the borrower. 由于粗心大意造成的任何损坏须由借用者赔偿。 

IV. Grammar & Language Points Markers of Cause and Effect: 词性

n. v. Conj. Adv. prep. & others

表原因

表结果

cause, reason

consequence, result

result from be caused by

result in, cause, lead to, produce, contribute to

because, since, as, for, because of, for this reason, due to, owing to, on account of,

Therefore, so, hence, as a result, consequently, accordingly, then

IV. Grammar & Language Points Participial Absolute Structure:

n. / pron.+ v-ing; n.+v-ed

(L3)

***当n. /pron. 与动词在逻辑上呈主谓关系时应用 –ing; 当n./ pron. 与 ***此外,有的分词短语在句中没有逻辑主语,它们实际上已经变成习惯用 动词在逻辑上呈动宾关系时应用-ed. 语。常见的有 judging from…, generally speaking,  Generally: speaking, your pronunciation is

Time is than one of thespelling. two elements talking of …, assuming…, etc. …, the other better your being labor. (Para 1, L3)  总的来说,你的发音好过你的拼写。 时间是美国人注意节约的两样东西之一,另一样是劳力。 Judging from you say, has done her  We went to thewhat classroom, heshe remaining behind. best. changed into a solid, we call it ice.  Water  从你所说的来判断,她已经尽力了。 ***分词的独立主格结构有时也可以由with/ without引出。 

 I Assuming could hardly did it well with others that everyone has the read the drafted

watching us. plan, let’s put it to the vote. 在众目睽睽下我难以做好这件事情。

 假如大家都看过草拟计划的话,我们就投票表决吧。

IV. Grammar & Language Points nothing but: only (L5) 







We are slaves to nothing but the clock. 只有时间才能支配我们。 The report contains nothing but lies. 这篇报导尽是谎言。 She's nothing but skin and bones! 她瘦得只剩下皮包骨了。

He’s nothing but a criminal. 他只不过是个罪犯。

IV. Grammar & Language Points

account for: give an explanation about (L6) 



The man charged with the crime couldn’t account for where he was and what he did at the time the murder occurred. 被告无法解释谋杀发生时他在哪里,在干什么。 As an accountant, he must account for how every penny is spent in the company. 作为会计,他必须解释清楚公司的每个便士是怎么花的。

IV. Grammar & Language Points

much less: and even less likely 



(L28)

The old man can hardly walk, much less run. 这位老人几乎不能走,更不用说跑了。 They are always short of water to drink, much less to bathe in. 他们连喝的水也总是不够,更别提洗澡了。

She wouldn’t take a drink, still less/ much less stay for dinner. 她连水也不肯喝一口,更别说留下来吃饭了。 ***See Ex VII on P10 

IV. Grammar & Language Points given: prep. taking into account (L35) 

Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. Or: Given that they are inexperienced, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验,他们算做得不错了。

***given + a noun phrase ***given that + a clause. 

Given her interest in children, teaching should be the right career for her. 看她对孩子的兴趣,教书应是适合她的职业。

IV. Grammar & Language Points save for: keep sth for future use (L35) 





Save your strength for hard work you’ll have to do later. 养精蓄锐以应付你不得不做的繁重工作。 Can you save your story for later? 你能不能把你的故事留着以后告诉我?

I’m trying to save as much of my income as I can for my old age. 我尽可能把收入留着以备养老。

IV. Grammar & Language Points at hand: 1) under discussion /being considered 2) near in time and place (L35) 



Her question isn’t related to the matter at hand. 她提的问题与正在考虑的事情无关。 The final exams are at hand now. 期末考试即将到来。

Having the right equipment at hand will be very helpful. 手头有合适的设备可用将非常有帮助。 ***at hand/ near at hand/ close at hand: 

临近/在即/在手头/边

IV. Grammar & Language Points in person: physically present; by oneself (L40)





I can’t attend the meeting in person, but I’m sending someone to speak for me. 我不能亲自出席会议,但我会派人代表我发言。 You can contact him either by letter or in person. 你可以通过写信 或者亲自前往与他取得联系。

IV. Grammar & Language Points be worthy of: deserve 值得的,配得上的 (L50) worthy of pence our praise.  He I’veis bought five worth of fish for supper. 他值得我们表扬。 In other words, the fish I bought for supper is worth of 5 pence.  You know, I’m not really worthy of her.  我买了五便士的鱼晚餐吃。换句话说,我买来晚餐吃的鱼价值5便士。 你知道,我的确配不上她。 

 This book is very interesting. It’s really worth ***be worthy 后还可接不定式: reading.  is not worthy to talk to a man like you.  She 这本书很有趣,真值得一读。 她不配和像你这样的男人说话。  The rarer it is, the more it is worth. be worth of (doing) sth Compare: 物以稀为贵。

V. Difficult sentences & translation This attitudes results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. (L1-2)

= As a result of this attitude, Americans tend to devote their time and energy to researching, experimenting and exploring. 译:这种态度招摇过市造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索 的民族。 commit …to: devote … to  The government decided to commit more money to improving the National Health Service. 投入更多 的资金来改善…

V. Difficult sentences & translation Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. (L8-9) =The whole sentence is a metaphor, which means: Once time has passed, it will not return. 译:一旦人生的光阴逝去,就不能复返了。 hourglass: a glass container holding find sand for measuring time, which is narrow in the middle like a figure 8 so that the sand inside can run slowly down from the top half to the bottom taking exactly one hour.

V. Difficult sentences & translation City people…restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others… (L11-13) =City people …impatiently trying to get service in a store, or pushing others out of the way by using their elbows as they try to complete their shopping. 译:城里人… 在商店里焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们 服务,或者为了想赶快遅完东西,用肘来推搡他人。 attend: serve, wait on  Are you being attended? =Is there anybody offering service to you?

V. Difficult sentences & translation They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. (L23-25) =They will miss the usual exchanges (with sb who invite you) that go with a welcoming cup of tea/coffee. These usual exchanges may be a common and regular practice on similar occasions in their own country. 译:他们也会怀念那种喝着茶或咖啡招待客人的礼节性交往, 这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。

go with: exist or take place at the same time伴随  poor health often goes with poverty. 健康欠佳与贫穷常常如影相随。

V. Difficult sentences & translation Since we generally assess & probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly. (L29-30) =Since we, in most cases, evaluate our visitors and ask them questions from a professional point of view instead of a social one, we start talking business very quickly (and there is no need in our eyes to spend time on small talk and the like) 译:既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人的,我们就开门 见山地谈正事。

V. Difficult sentences & translation To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the significance of the matter at hand. In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. (L37-39)

=When we communicate through electronic means, which may seem not involving human feelings, it does not mean that we regard the matter under discussion unimportant. 译:就我们而言,电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很 少有或者完全没有关系。而在有些国家里,没有当面接触就做不成大生意, 需要面对面的交谈。 被动语态的翻译:  英译汉时多数被动句都可译为主动句  或:将主语还原成宾语(见上句)

V. Difficult sentences & translation Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. (L49-50) =If Assignments are, consequently, felt to be given a certain amount of time is not allowed to added by the the impression, passage of time. (L50-51) pass, itweight will give in their opinion,

that the task being considered is not important =As result, people don’t think a certain task/job or anot properly respected.

gains additional importance if people don’t 译:在他们看来,一件事情好像无足轻重,不值得给予应有的重视似的,除 非花一定的时间来处理这件事情。 spend a long time dealing with it.

被动语态的翻译: 译:人们觉得用的时间长会增加所做事情的重要性。  英译汉时多数被动句都可译为主动句  或:将主谓结构还原成动宾结构 (见上句) (将主谓结构还原成动宾结构 ) One more example:

V. Difficult sentences In the U.S., however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem , or fulfill a job successfully, with speed. (L51-53)

=In the U.S., however, if you can solve a problem or do a job quickly, you will be considered as a person with skill or ability. 译:然而在美国,能迅速又成功地解决问题或完成工作被视为是有水平、有 能力的标志。 被动语态的翻译:  英译汉时多数被动句都可译为主动句  或:将主谓结构还原成动宾结构  亦或:直接翻译成被动句(见上句)

VI. Writing ---paragraph structure analysis Paragraph development by deduction (Para. 3)

General statement: Everyone is in a rush. In what ways is everyone in a rush? Specific details of how everyone is in a rush. 1. City people always … 2. Others … 3. Drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you. 4. People have no time for small exchanges with … Why is it that everyone is in a rush? The reason: People value time highly, and resent sb else “wasting” it beyond a certain appropriate point.

VI. Writing --- paragraph writing pattern General statement supported by specific details and reasons

How to prove your general statement?

General statement

Specific details to support the general statement What cause what you state in the GS?

The reason for the statement

VI. Writing --- sample writing General statement supported by specific details and reasons.

Your task Write a paragraph with the following sentence as your general statement: Mike is very popular in his class.

Your specific details to support your statement The reason why Mike is popular.

VI. Writing --- sample writing Mike is very popular in his class

Mike is very popular in his class. On the hand, he is very kindhearted and friendly to all his classmates. When others are in trouble, he is always ready to offer his hands. On the other hand, he is one of the top students in his class and gets A’s in most tests. Many of his classmates often ask him to help them with their lessons. What’s more, he is good at sports, especially ball games. After class, he plays ball games with his friends. Most important of all, he has a sense of humor. Laughter can be heard wherever he appears. People all like him simply because he is excellent in many ways.

VII. After-reading discussion Topics for after-reading discussion:  Tips: Work in pairs and make a dialogue on the Americans believe … It’s taken as a sign of … treat time?”. Use topic “How do Americans Americans have anphrases acute sense to … quickly, rush, as many words & learntofin…Section A Americans are always … hurry to, restlessly, as possible. Americans treat timepressure, as race through, under anxious, …

 Tips: American’s idea on time is quite different from that of Chinese. Discuss with your Americans …the while Chinese … group members, then make a report on … the Americans are always … while Chinese differencestreat between two ideas. Americans time the as … while Chinese regards time as …

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