Evolución fonética de la Lengua inglesa # Phonetique

CHANGES FROM IE TO PdE IE * Grimm's Law or First Sound−Shifting voiceless stops aspiration voiceless fricatives p > ph > f t > th > k > kh > kw > kwh > w voiced stops voiceless stops b>p d>t g>k gw > kw aspirated voiced voiced stops stops bh > b dh > d gh > g gwh > gw Ex: IE*pisk− ; IE* ten− ; IE* kerd− ; IE* dónt− ; IE* gen*− ; IE* bhrter ; IE* dhoigh− ; IE* ghaido− * Grassmann's Law a) After voiceless fricatives Gmc voiceless stops did not become voiceless fricatives. b) After [s] Gmc voiceless stops did not change. c) When there are two voiceless stops together only the first one is affected. Ex: IE* okto−

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* Free changes > / o > a / * > a / ² appeared (preterite of some verbs of class 7 and adverb hr) Ex: IE* mter ; IE* golt− ; IE* p*tér * Conditioned changes Raising: e nasal or > i + o high vowel > u Ex: IE* pempe, ten. Lowering: i>e +r u>o * Diphthongs: ei > / oi > ai / ou > au Ex: IE* bheid ; IE* le−loikw− e (>*laihw) ; IE* louk−o− (>lauha) * (Re)sonnants: m, , , > um, un, ul, ur. Ex: IE*s ; IE*mtos * e + i, ,j (in the following syllable) > i * i + a (in the following syllable) > e Ex: IE* nisdo > PrGmc* nesta PrGMC *Verner's Law Voiceless fricatives became voiced fricatives unless: (a) Being the first sound of the word (b) Being next to another voiceless sound Ex: PdE stop (c) Having the IE stress on the immediately preceding syllable.

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Voiceless fricatives Voiced fricatives f > v [*] >* > g [*] s>z IE* went− * Stress shift: stress to the first syllable of the word. * > (only ¹) Ex: PrGmc* mnan > WGmc mna (> mna) * a mf > f, s, þ i + ns > f, s, þ u nþ [n] > f, s, þ Ex: PrGmc* gans > WGmc gs (> gs ) WGMC *WGmc Change The sounds resulting from Verner's Law where further modified as follows: v [*] > v *>d g [*] > [*] or [j] according to whether the neighbouring vowels were back or front. z > r (this change is called Rhotacism) Ex: IE* mter, SV2 osan: est as curon e−coren; SV3 weorþan: wierþ wearþ wurdon e−worden. * f, s, þ > f, s, þ f, s, þ > f, s, þ f, s, þ > f, s, þ * Palatalization (Occurred earlier than i−mutation) k− > [t*] < >(Posición inicial ante vocales frontales) g− + front vowels > [j] < >(Posición inicial y medial ante vocales frontales)

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sk− (æ,e,i) > [*] < s(e) > Ex: ild; iefan; fis. * e + nasal or labial + consonant > i * [n] before [h] was lost / [n] before [f, , s] was lost in Pre. * Final accented > Ex: c, h, t. * i + z (< s) > e u + z (< s) > o Ex: meord (e > eo Breaking), leornian. * Final open vowels were lengthened when under full accent. Ex: þ, þ, m, w, , h, s, n, etc. * Unstressed syllables were reduced phonetically. * au > [æa] < a > / eu > o Ex: PrGmc* hauhaz > hah; PrGmc* deupaz > dop * Gemination of consonants single vowel + single consonant + resonnant (l, m, n, r, j, w) Gemination of < f > [v] was < bb > [vv]; gemination of < g > [j] was < cg > [d*] The [r] was not geminated, and when followed by [j] ( rj ) the [j] was vocalized to [i], so that [rj] > [ri] Ex: settan, tellan, bycan, hebban (to raise), nerian, herias. * [z] is lost finally in unaccented syllables * > æ / + nasal > Ex: WGmc mna > mna * ai > (> æ² by i−mutation) Ex: WGmc stainaz > stn * Anglo−Frisian Brightening or First Fronting a > æ/e Unless followed by nasal or back vowel in the following syllable Ex: WGmc hwat > hwæt. . Pre 1− Breaking or Fracture (WS) æ + h > ea [æa] e + h > eo

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æ + h + consonant > ea [æa] e + h + consonant > eo æ + r + consonant > ea [æa] e + r + consonant > eo æ + l + consonant > ea [æa] i + h > io (io > eo in WS) i + h + consonant > io i + r + consonant > io i + l + consonant > io Ex: eahta, weorþan, eald, leornian, Peohtas. Retraction (Anglian) æh>a e+w>o i l, r, h + cons > u Ex: Anglian ald, barn, harm, sword, worþian, 2− Restoration of [a] before back vowels: æ > a Ex: dæ (nom. sg) dæes (gen. sg.) dagas (nom/acc. pl) dagum (dat. pl) 3− Second Fronting (Mercian) æ >e / a > æ Takes place after First Fronting and after the Restoration of [a] before back vowels. Ex: Mercian de dægum. Palatal Diphthongization (WS) < s(e) > [*] æ > [æa] < ea > < > [t*] + e > [ie] < > [j] Ex: sap, iellan, iefan, easter, et. 4− I−Mutation (I−Umlaut; Front Mutation) The back vowels a, , o, , u, ; the diphthongs ea, a, eo, o; and the front vowels æ, e; were modified by the vowels [i, , j] in the following syllable. a > æ a + m, n > e ea > ie æ > e

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o > e eo > ie e > i u>y Ex: dman, fyllan, cwellan, færst, epan, hilpþ, fend, menn. 5− Back Mutation æ > [æa] < ea > e + u, o in the next syllable > eo i > io West−Saxon: only when there was an intervening single consonant which was either a labial or a liquid (f, p, w, m, l, r). Anglian: through any intervening consonant except [k, g] Kentish: before any consonant. Ex: earm, frond, feohtan, hiord, eorn. 6− Smoothing (Anglian) [æa] > æ (> e) eo + [, k, g] > e io > i Ex: Anglian æhta, fehtan, feh, birhtu 7− Contraction of vowels leading to compensatory lengthening vowel + h + vowel the is lost and the vowels are contracted and lengthened. Ex: Pre* sehan > * seohan > * seoan > son (PdE see). vowel + liquid + h + vowel / vowel + h + liquid + vowel the is lost and the first vowel (or diphthong) is lengthened, but there is no vocalic contraction due to the . Ex:Pre feorh + es> fores. (there are not , in , only , ) * All diphthongs became monophthongs (usually falling diphthongs): o > L [] / < a > [æa] > 12thC[] / < ea > [æa] > 12thC[a] ( æ > 12thC[] / æ > 12thC[a] ) Ex: hafod, heofon, fond, mearc.

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Rising diphthongs: fower (>L[fwer]), scotan, sawian. * Lengthening of short vowels followed by lengthening consonantal groups: < ng, nd, mb, ld, rd, rl, rn > and < rþ, rs > when a vowel follows. Ex: grund, feld, word (> LWS [w] + short vowel or [eo] + [r] > [u] always), wolde, scolde, land. * [ss] > [s] (se simplifica) Ex: mæsse * Syncope : in trisyllabic words the vowel of the second syllable (usually [] ) is syncopated. Ex: fæder > 12thC[fad()r] Syncope (oblique cases). * lg > L lw / rg > L rw. Ex: folgian [folian] > L [folwian] / hergode [herode] > L [herw(o)d] (also syncope) * Palatal Umlaut (LWS): [e] ht, hs, hþ [eo] + or > [i] [io] h(e) Ex: feoht, reoht, (nah, hah > !!) [] + [h]>L[] (Palatal umlaut) Ex: plh, enh, th. * Long accented vowels are shortened in closed syllables before consonantal groups (except lengthening groups) Ex: gdspell * Se vocaliza []//[]: [j] after front vowels / [w] after back vowels Ex: dæ, gen Late * æ > 12thC[] (>[] in KENTISH DIALECT) / æ > 12thC[a] Ex: sæ, æs [æ] [i] North and East Midlands Ex: þyrstan(PdE) * y > 12thC: [y] West Midlands and South West Ex: wyrcan(PdEMinims) [e] South Eastern (Kent).Ex: yfel(PdE ) * New dipththongs arose due to the vocalization of : Palatal sounds [æ]>L[æj]>12thC[ai]>13thC[ai]>14thC[]>15thC[æ] 7

[æ]>L[æj]>[j]>12thC[ei]>13thC[ai]>14thC[]>15thC[æ] [e]>L[ej]>12thC[ei]> 13thC[ai]>14thC[]>15thC[æ] []>L[j]>12thC[ei]/[]>13thC[ai]/[]>14thC[]/[]>15thC[æ]/[ij] [i]>L[ij]>12thC[]> 13thC[]>14thC[]>15thC[ij] Ex: we, fæn, land Velar sounds [a]>L[aw]>12thC[au]>16thC[ou]>19thC[] []>L[w]>12thC[w]>13thC[ou]>14thC[]>16thC[] [o]>L[ow]>12thC[ou]>14thC[]>16thC[] []>L[w]>12thC[ou]/[]>14thC[]/[]>15thC[]/[uw]>16thC[]/[ou] [ug]>L[uw]>12thC[]>15thC[uw]>16thC[ou] Ex: dg, bg, bgan * There are not long diphthongs in ME and ModE. 12thC * []>[] : not in Northern dialects. Ex: hw * Gliding between a vowel and : [j] after front vowels/ [w] after back vowels. Ex: feohtan, bh * 13thC−18thC: loss of [h] : [hl], [hn], [hr] Ex: hlapan, hld * Short vowels were lengthened in open stressed syllables of disyllabic words: South (1st half of century): [a]>[] North (2nd half): [i]>[] [e]>[] [u]>[] [o]>[] Ex: nama, specan/ North: wicu * [i] + [ht] gliding in between(and the resulting lengthening): [ijht]>[ht] Ex: niht. * Shortening of first syllable of trisyllabic words.Ex: hlidæ

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* Shortening before two or more consonants (except for lengthening groups) * Epenthetic vowel: in disyllables a glide develops in medial position between: consonant + nasal, liquid, [w] Making trisyllables. Ex: dvles > LME(13th−14thC) dveles And between a liquid + []/[w] (glide [o] ) Ex: folwen > LME folowen / morwe > LME morowe. * NORTHERN DIALECT: [ai]>13−14thC[] [ei]>13−14thC[] They lose the 2nd element. [oi]>13−14thC[] Ex: cæ [ui]>13−14thC[] * WEST−MIDLANDS: [h]>LME[f]>14−15thC[uf]>17thC[f] (the [f] shortens the vowel) Ex: enh, th 13thC * [−er]>[−ar] (>18thC[] ) when [r] belonged to the same syllable. Sometimes [−er] remained or was reintroduced: >18thC[] (=[:]) Ex: bern, heorte. * Lengthening kept only (the rest were shortened): (a) [i] / [o] + [mb] (b) [i] / [u] + [nd] (c) Any vowel + [ld] (bimbo) (hindu) * [ir]>[er] / [ur]>[or] / [er]>[ær] (>15thC[ar] ) * [ai]>[] Ex: næel. * [dr]>[r] (French influence) * LME Glide consonants: [m] + [p, b] / [n] + [t, d] Ex: æmet * [w] often disappeared in LME(14−15thCs) between [s] and a back rounded vowel; and at the beginning of a lightly stressed syllable. [sw + back rounded vowel]>14−15thC[s + back rounded vowel] Ex: sw * WESTERN DIALECT: tendency to put a [w] in front of words in LME (Prothetic [w,j] ) Ex: n. 14thC * Great Vowel Shift : []>15thC[æ]>16thC[]>17thC[]>18thC[ei] []>15thC[]

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[]>15thC[] []>15thC[]>17thC[] []>15thC[uw]>16thC[ou]>17thC[]>18thC[] []>15thC[ij]>16thC[ei]>17thC[]>18thC[] * Se empieza a fijar la grafía a finales del siglo XV * [e]>L[je]>12thC[ji]>[]>13thC[]>14thC[]>15thC[Ø] It was weakened due to lack of stress and finally lost in 15thC. * Back vowel + [l] / [l + consonant] develops a gliding [u] when in the same syllable. [al]>15thC[aul]>16−17thCs[oul]>18thC[] (15thC[aul] has two possible written forms: / ) Ex: PdE all, tall, call, pall, small. (a) when [l] occurred finally. (b) before dentals. (c) when [l] was followed by [f, v, m] (lip consonants): [au]>[] [ol]>15thC[oul]>20thC[l]. Ex: PdE toll [u] + [ld] / [lt] > [ou] Ex: PdE shoulder. * [w] + [a]>15thC[wo] (Rounding influence of [w] )Ex: PdE wash, swan [w] + [a] + [k, g, ] : there in no rounding.Ex: PdE twang, wag. 15thC * GVS: []>16thC[]>19thC[ou]>20thC[] * [dr] >16thC[r] / sometimes . * −er −ir >16thC[r]>18thC[] [:] Ex: yrie −ur * There are not oblique cases anymore and [d, t] can shorten the previous vowel. 16thC * [a]>17thC(1653)[æ] In the North, the [a] remained. Ex: 14thC barn * ME (minims) [u]>17thC[] // >[o]/[] influence of spelling with 10

Ex: dst * [r] lengthened the preceding vowels when in the same syllable, but not when [r] was in intervocalic position (spelt ) ME[ar]>[ær]>17thC[ær]>18thC[].Ex: PdE arm, sharp, garden. ME[or]>17thC[r]>18thC[] Ex: PdE for, horse. * the labial consonants [f, p, b] tend to cause rounding of the following vowels. And their influence prevented [u]>17thC[] or led to the restoration of the founded vowel, especially when followed by [, t, l].Ex: PdE full, pull, pulpit. * Voiceless fricatives caused lengthening of the immediately preceding vowel: ME[a]>[æ] + [f, s, ] >17thC[æ]>18thC[] Ex: PdE after, staff, fast, grass,path ME[o] + [f, s, ] >17thC[] Ex: PdE off, coffee, cross, froth. * [æ] + [f, s, ] [r] + consonant >17−18thC[æ] Ex: PdE craft, mark [n] + consonant (dental or [s] ) * Before [k] shortening took place late and not in Scots and Northern dialects. * Initial [k, g] + [n] : [k, g] disappeared in pronunciation in 17thC.Ex: PdE knight * Se fija la grafía para diferenciar [v]/[u]: en posición final para evitar confusiones antes de que fijara la grafía, y luego se mantuvo la misma grafía. * [g] after the velar nasal [] is lost in the 17thC.Ex: PdE king 17thC * loss of [r]: (a) medially before consonants. (b) finally: short vowel + [r]> 18thC[long vowel] Ex: PdE thirst long vowel + [r]> 18thC[long vowel + ] Ex: PdE hard diphthong + [r]>18thC[diphthong + ] Ex: PdE fire[f] * [wr]>18thC[r]. [w] disappeared in pronunciation.Ex: PdE write 18thC * Diphthongization: []>19thC[ou] Ex: PdE over [v] 19thC

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* Centralization of diphthong: [ou]>20thC[] Ex: PdE so [s] 20thC

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