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Guide to Reading Main Idea The British government’s actions after winning the French and Indian War angered American colonists.

Key Terms • revenue

• boycott

• writs of assistance

• nonimportation

• resolution

• repeal

• effigy Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Classifying Information British actions created colonial unrest. As you read Section 1, re-create the diagram on page 132 of your textbook and describe why the colonists disliked these policies.

Read to Learn • why the British faced problems in North America after the French and Indian War.

• why the American colonists objected to new British laws.

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Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Civic Rights and Responsibilities The American colonists believed that new British laws denied their civic rights.

St. Edward’s crown, worn by George III

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Relations With Britain • A feeling of distrust between the colonists and Britain grew due to: - British soldiers stationed in the colonies and on the frontier - the Proclamation of 1763 - the passing of trade laws and the Sugar Act

• Colonists feared that British soldiers might interfere with their liberties, and they saw the proclamation as limiting their freedom.

(pages 132–134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Relations With Britain (cont.) • George Grenville, the British finance minister, began to watch colonial trading more closely in order to catch colonists who were involved in smuggling. • In 1767, customs officials were able to obtain writs of assistance to search homes and warehouses for smuggled goods. Colonists were outraged by this intrusion without warning.

(pages 132–134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Relations With Britain (cont.) • Parliament passed the Sugar Act in 1764 to stop the molasses smuggling between the colonies and the French West Indies. - The act lowered the tax on imported molasses. - The British hoped that by lowering the tax, the colonists would be encouraged to pay the duty on foreign molasses. When Britain collected the taxes, its revenues would increase. - The Sugar Act also allowed special courts that had judges, not juries, to hear smuggling cases. The colonists were outraged again because this took away their basic right of trial by jury. (pages 132–134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Sugar Act (1764) – Taxed foreign molasses & sugar. Col. refuse to pay.

Relations With Britain (cont.)

As a colonist would you have been upset with the laws that Britain passed?

(pages 132–134)

The Stamp Act • The Stamp Act taxed almost all printed materials in the colonies. • Colonists opposed the act because Parliament had taxed the colonists directly, and it had passed the act without their consent. • The British further angered American colonists with the Quartering Act, which required the colonies to provide barracks and supplies to British troops. (page 134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Quartering Act (1765) – Col. must pay for housing & food (quartering) of Brit. soldiers in their area.

The Stamp Act (cont.) • Colonists began organized protests. - In Virginia, Patrick Henry, although accused of treason by his opponents, persuaded the burgesses to take action against the Stamp Act. They passed a resolution saying that they had the “sole exclusive right” to tax their citizens. - The Sons of Liberty, originally organized in Boston by Samuel Adams, protested by burning effigies, raiding and destroying houses of British officials, and marching along the streets to protest Britain’s taxing of Americans.

(page 134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Stamp Act (cont.) - Boycotts against importing British and European goods occurred. Nonimportation agreements signed by merchants, artisans, and farmers hurt British merchants.

• In October, the Stamp Act Congress petitioned the king and Parliament saying that only their own assemblies could tax the colonies. In March 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

(page 134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Stamp Act (cont.) • Parliament passed another act, the Declaratory Act of 1766, on the same day it repealed the Stamp Act. The act allowed Parliament the right to tax and to make decisions for the British colonies “in all cases.”

(page 134)

The Stamp Act (cont.)

Why did the British Parliament pass the Declaratory Act of 1766?

Britain wanted to maintain control of its colonies, and it also did not want to give up the revenue that it received from the colonies.

(page 134) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

New Taxes • Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767, which taxed imported goods at the port of entry. • It taxed basic items such as glass, tea, paper, and lead–items that the colonists did not produce and therefore had to import. • Another boycott occurred in hopes of showing Britain that only the colonies’ representatives had the right to tax them. • The Daughters of Liberty, an active group in the protest, urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods so as not to buy British products.(page 135) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Townshend Acts Import taxes on paint, glass, lead, paper, & tea coming into America

Townshend Acts Also allows officials to obtain “writs of assistance” – Blank search warrants to find smuggled goods.

• Americans didn’t vote in Brit. elections. • “No taxation w/o representation”

New Taxes (cont.)

What were the effects of the Townshend Acts of 1767?

Colonists were outraged that Britain was taxing them. An effective boycott against British goods took place as Americans began to use products that they produced.

(page 135) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ E 1. to refuse to buy items from a particular country __ B 2. legal documents that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled __ C 3. a formal expression of opinion __ A 4. incoming money

__ D 5. rag figure representing an unpopular individual

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A. revenue B. writs of assistance C. resolution D. effigy E. boycott

Checking for Understanding Reviewing Facts State two reasons for the deterioration of relations between the British and the colonists.

Possible answers: Colonists felt the Proclamation of 1763 restricted freedom, did not want to pay for the French and Indian War, did not believe in taxation without representation, and were alarmed by British troops stationed in the colonies.

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Reviewing Themes Civic Rights and Responsibilities Why did the colonists think the writs of assistance violated their rights?

Colonists were horrified that government officials could enter their homes without warning.

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Critical Thinking Identifying Central Issues Why did British policies following the French and Indian War lead to increased tensions with American colonists?

Colonists thought British policies would curtail their freedoms and were angered by Britain’s series of taxes.

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Analyzing Visuals Geography Skills Review the map on page 133 of your textbook. The Proclamation of 1763 banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Why did the British government want to halt western movement? Western movement was halted to minimize conflict with Native American groups.

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Persuasive Writing Write a letter to the editor of a colonial newspaper in which you attempt to persuade fellow colonists to boycott British goods. Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

Guide to Reading Main Idea As tensions between colonists and the British government increased, protests grew stronger.

Key Terms • propaganda • committee of correspondence

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Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read this section, re-create the diagram shown on page 136 of your textbook and describe how the Intolerable Acts changed life for colonists.

Read to Learn • why Boston colonists and British soldiers clashed, resulting in the Boston Massacre.

• how the British government tried to maintain its control over the colonies.

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Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Groups and Institutions Colonists banded together to protest British laws.

American protest banner

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Trouble in Boston • Parliament sent two regiments of troops (often referred to as redcoats) to Boston. • They set up camp in the heart of the city.

• These soldiers were in some cases rude and violent toward the colonists. • Because Boston resented the presence of the soldiers, fighting broke out between the redcoats and Bostonians and continued throughout the next year.

(pages 136–137) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Trouble in Boston (cont.) • The Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, was a result of the heated tension between the redcoats and the Bostonians.

• Townspeople wielding weapons marched through the streets toward the customhouse. • The redcoats fired, killing five colonists. • Among the dead was Crispus Attucks, an African American dockworker.

(pages 136–137) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Boston Massacre

Boston – Many riots. Center of dissention. Sammuel Adams – Outspoken patriot Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) – Boston youths &dockworkers start insulting & throwing snowballs at British soldiers.

Trouble in Boston (cont.) • The Boston Massacre led colonists to call for stronger boycotts of British goods. • Colonial leaders used the killings as propaganda against the British. • Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts except the tax on tea.

(pages 136–137) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Trouble in Boston (cont.) • Some colonial leaders still called for resistance to British rule. • In 1772 Samuel Adams revived the committee of correspondence in Boston to circulate colonists’ grievances against Britain. • Other colonies began committees of correspondence that brought together protesters opposed to British measures.

(pages 136–137) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Trouble in Boston (cont.)

Why did Britain repeal the Townshend Acts?

Britain hoped that repealing these acts would encourage the colonists to again trade with Britain. This increased trade would bring in more revenue for Britain.

(pages 136–137) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

A Crisis Over Tea • Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 to save the British East India Company from going under.

• This act gave the East India Company a favorable advantage over colonial merchants because it was able to ship its extra tea to the colonies without paying most of the tea taxes.

(pages 138–139) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Crisis Over Tea (cont.) • Because its tea was sold directly to the shopkeepers at a low price and bypassed colonial merchants, the tea from the East India Company was cheaper than any other tea.

• The colonists again boycotted British goods to denounce the British monopoly.

(pages 138–139) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Crisis Over Tea (cont.) • The Daughters of Liberty marched through town and burned the East India Company’s tea. • Colonists in Boston and Philadelphia planned to stop the company’s ships from unloading. • In all colonial ports except Boston, colonists forced the company’s ships to return to Britain.

(pages 138–139) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Boston Tea Party (Fall 1773) – Sons of Liberty (disguised as Mohawk Indians) slip on Brit. ship dump 300 kegs of tea into water.

A Crisis Over Tea (cont.) • In Boston Harbor in December 1773, the royal governor ordered the tea unloaded. • At midnight on December 16, the Boston Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks boarded the ships and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. • This became known as the Boston Tea Party. • The king and Parliament vowed to punish Boston and the people of Massachusetts for using the Boston Tea Party to resist British rule. (pages 138–139) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Crisis Over Tea (cont.) • They passed the Coercive Acts. • These acts closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the ruined tea.

• Closing the harbor prevented Bostonians from receiving food and other supplies. • The laws also banned town meetings and forced Bostonians to house British soldiers in their homes. • The colonists renamed these acts the Intolerable Acts. (pages 138–139) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

British troops can be quartered in any town, even private homes.

Colonists call the Coercive Act the “Intolerable Acts.”

A Crisis Over Tea (cont.)

How did the Boston Tea Party challenge British rule?

Colonists defied the order to unload the tea by throwing it overboard so that it could not be unloaded.

(pages 138–139) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ A 1. ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion __ B 2. an organization that spread political ideas through the colonies

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A. propaganda B. committee of correspondence

Checking for Understanding Reviewing Facts How did colonial leaders use the Boston Massacre to their advantage?

The event was used as propaganda to drum up support against the British.

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Reviewing Themes Groups and Institutions Why were the committees of correspondence powerful organizations?

They spread political ideas and united opposition to British rule.

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Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Do you think the Boston Tea Party was a turning point in the relationship between the British and the colonists? Explain.

Possible answer: It was the most dramatic act of defiance by the colonists up until that time.

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Analyzing Visuals Picturing History Examine the material about the Boston Tea Party on page 138 of your textbook. What artifacts are shown? When did the “tea party” take place?

A chest and glass container of tea are shown. The “tea party” took place on December 16, 1773.

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Art Draw a cartoon strip showing the story of the Boston Tea Party. Use at least four cartoon frames to present the sequence of events from your point of view. Compare your cartoon to a classmate’s and describe his or her point of view.