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The Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the 18th and 19th centuries.

Traditional or Pre-Industrial Society

• What do you see here? • How would you describe how people are dressed? • What are the people doing? • How do they seem to feel about their work? • What might these people enjoy or not enjoy about their life-style?

“Enclosed” Fields

The Beginnings of Industrialization Agricultural Revolution: Farming in the Middle Ages -Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming)

-Animals graze common pastures Disadvantages -Land used inefficiently and depleted of nutrients -Farmers didn’t experiment with new methods Forces for Change -Population growing- more food needed -French blockade-no corn-more food needed

CROP ROTATION WHEAT

BARLEY

-Wealthy landowners buy up small farms, create enclosures. -Small farmers become tenant farmers or factory workers in city. -Jethro Tull’s seed drill, scatters seeds more efficiently. -New Crop Rotation- Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop, replenished by planting different crops (rotating).

MANOR

-Boosts food production, standard of living, and population. TURNIPS

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

BEANS

•How might crop rotation affect agricultural production?

AND….

Clover Turnips

Alfalfa

Food for Livestock in Winter

Healthier animals

Clover Clover

Turnips

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Alfalfa Clover

Turnips

Turnips

Clover

Alfalfa

AlfalfaTurnips Clover

Alfalfa Turnips

Clover

AlfalfaTurnips Clover Alfalfa

Turnips

Clover

AlfalfaTurnips Alfalfa

Clover Turnips Alfalfa

And so it goes….

Enclosure Movement

+

+

+ Crop Rotation

Seed Drill

= Population Growth

Diverse Crops and Healthy Animals

Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution • What do you see? • How are the pictures on the left different from those on the right? • How many inventions shown on the right have changed or improved life in Britain? • For what purpose do you think this lithograph was created?

Why did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Britain? *Resources: Britain has extensive resources to support production- water power and coal to fuel machines -iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings. -rivers for inland transportation -harbors for merchant ships. *Britain’s colonies provided market for new goods. *Economic Strength and Stability: -Economy, banks, and business people stimulate investment. - Britain has all four Factors of Production: LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL, ENTREPENEURSHIP

* Rise of Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit.

The Textile Industry & Factory System • What do you see here? • What are the machines doing? • What are the workers doing? • What is the boy in the machine doing? • What might be the advantages of factory cotton spinning over cottage-industry cotton spinning?

Inventions Textile: - several inventions modernize the cotton industry: James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny Improved Spinning

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Separate Seeds from Cotton

Effects of Textile Factories in Britain: Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hand produced items. Majority of villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution • What do you see here? • What are the black rocks? • Besides coal, what other sources of energy do you see in this painting? • What other uses might there be for a steam engine besides pumping water out of coal mines?

James Watt’s improved steam engine

Robert Fulton’s Steam Engine

Need For Energy: -Early factories rely on horses, oxen, and water mills. Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power. -Steam engines powered by coal. -Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power. -Steam power used where ever coal existed, increased textile production.

Early Steam Engines

How a steam engine works http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam1.htm

Transportation • What is happening here? • How are the people dressed? • What are they doing? • Why might they be cheering? • How is the locomotive powered? • What might the railroads carry in their cars?

The Railroad Richard Trevithick’s steam driven locomotive:

Early Steam Locomotive

Railroads change life in Britain: -Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly and cheaply. -Cheaper to transport goods, increases production and profits. -Creates hundreds of thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners. -Easier travel= more people working in city and vacationing in the country.

Later Locomotives

“The Great Land Serpent”

The struggles between railroad interests to build lines across private land provoked an intense debate about the right to private property and the benefits to society as a whole of limiting those rights. The cartoon offered a contemporary view of the railway's invasion of the land

Railroads on the Continent

Urbanization Growth of Industrial Cities -For centuries, most Europeans had lived in rural areas. After 1800, the balance shifted to cities. -Most of Europe’s urban areas at least doubled in population. (PULL FACTOR) -Factories built near sources of energy.

1750

8 out of 10 English people lived in country

1850

5 out of 10 people lived in the country

Factory owners rushed to build workers’ housing, which was dark, poorly constructed, badly ventilated, and over crowded.

In 1842 a farmer in a rural area could expect to live 38 yrs.

In 1842 a worker in the city of Manchester could expect to live only 17 yrs.

Working Conditions Factory owners want to keep machines running -workers work up to 16 hrs. a day- 6 days a week Factories were dirty and dangerous Workers risked losing limbs from machines or getting serious lung and throat infections from hot polluted air. No programs to help if injured. Workers subjected to pressure, and even physical punishment, in an effort to make them speed up production Factories built “factory towns” offering cheap rent to accompany low wages- trapping workers. New Machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water. Most dangerous conditions were in the coal mines.

Child Labor Families depended on children to bring home an income. Children (as young as 4 yrs. old) earned little or no pay. Worked 12-14 hour days, often with no breaks. Treatment was cruel. Children beaten and punished. Children were used for dangerous jobs because they could fit into small spaces (coal mines), or use their small arms and fingers to reach into running machinery (often resulting injury or even death).

A Young Glass Factory Worker

Girl in Textile Mill

Girls Labor in Sweatshops

Textile Mills work children 14 hour days

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Living Conditions

No plans, sanitary codes, sewer, building codes, or adequate police protection.

Families often lived in one room. Buildings dark and dirty. Garbage collected in the streets. Disease was widespread. “Death’s Dispensary” Cholera Epidemic

What do you see in this picture?

Who are the people at the bottom? At the top? What message was the artist trying to sent?

Class Structure Revolution brought change in class structure. Class Tensions -Upper Class-Merchants and factory owners became wealthy, regardless of land ownership. -Rise of middle class- skilled workers, business people, professionals, and wealthy farmers. -Lower Class- the largest group Workers being replaced by machines. Lived in slums No time for education means no social mobility High crime rates

Positive effects of Revolution • • • • • • • • • •

Created jobs Contributed to wealth of nation Technological progress and invention Increased production of goods Raised the standard of living Hope of improvement in people’s lives Healthier diets Better housing Cheaper, mass-produced clothing Expanded education opportunities

Industrialization By 1850

Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900