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Ch 14 Forging the National Economy The most boring title in the world for a chapter. I mean seriously American Pageant, work with me.

First: Andrew Jackson Review • President #7 • “Old Hickory” • A Thesis: Most dominant actor in American politics between Jefferson and Lincoln. Who might be a counter argument to this thesis?

Essential Question:

Champion of the “Common Man”?

OR

“King” Andrew?

Andrew Jackson 1767-1845 • • • •

1st Westerner to reach the White House Expanded executive powers Fought in Revolutionary War as a BOY! Lived with Rachel Robards before she was divorced. Scandalous! • Prosecutor, judge, congressman, senator, THEN a general.

The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

The Reign of “King Mob”

Andrew Jackson Presidency • First clue that something was different? The party.

Two Big Issues: • 1. Nullification crisis- South thought tariffs and transportation subsidies in “America system” of Henry Clay unfair. Why?

Southerners Mad! • Tariffs made prices go up for them • Subsidies favored northern transportation • Jackson’s constituency: South and West • Jackson’s response: Veto the Mayville road 1830 • But when South Carolina “nullified” the tariff, Jackson called them treasonous. • Congress reduced the tariff, reducing the Nullification Crisis

Who had the most vetoes ever? The winner: FDR -

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Jackson’s second big issue • 2nd Bank of the USA • Vetoed the charter extension (would end in 1836) Moved funds to state charter banks.

What is Jacksonian Democracy? • Cheaper public land • Move Indians west (backs state authority in Georgia vs. Cherokee nation). Does not protect Indian rights • Spoils system-but opposed to favoritism in govt. spending • Legacy: Whigs form to combat him. The two party system. Pioneers of techniques party organization. • Laissez Faire politics • Heirs of TJ • Simple, frugal, unobtrusive government. Antiaristocrat.

Indian Removal

Trail of Tears (18381839)

Money money money Ch 14 • America grows up! America gets big! America is proud of herself and is stretching across the continent…with one big problem….slavery

“Go West Young Man, go west and grow with the country” • • • •

Horace Greeley or John B Soule? Greeley-founded of New York Tribune Soule-Presbyterian minister No matter…it was the phrase of the 19th century

Timeline of Westward expansion •

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1804 - Under order of President Thomas Jefferson, the Lewis and Clark Expedition depart from St.Louis, Mo., on May 14, to chart a course to the Pacific Ocean.1841 - First emigrant wagon train for California. Forty-seven people leave Independence, Mo., on May 1, and reach California on November 4. 1842 - Settlement of Oregon begins via the Oregon Trail. 1847 - After violent clashes with settlers over polygamy, Mormons leave Nauvoo, Ill., and head for the West under Brigham Young. They eventually settle at Salt Lake City, Utah. 1848 - Gold discovered January 24 in California. In February, Mexico ceded claims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and portions of Colorado. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million. 1849 - 80,000 prospectors emigrate to California to follow the gold boom. 1859 - First commercially productive oil well drilled near Titusville, Pa. by Edwin Drake on August 27; led to expansion of oil fields in the southwest territories. 1861 - First transcontinental telegraph line completed October 24. 1862 - Homestead Act was approved on May 20, grants free family farms to settlers. 1867 - The Grange was organized December 4 to protect farmers interests. 1869 - Transcontinental railroad completed; golden spike driven at Promontory, Utah, May 10, marking the junction of Central Pacific and Union Pacific railways.

George Catlin River bluffs 1320 miles above St. Louis(1832)

George Catlin Buffalo Chase with Bows and Lances (1832-1833)

The Frontier • Strong idea throughout American history • Tall tales and legends (Paul Bunyan, Davy Crockett) • Pioneers • JFK-”New Frontier”

Explosive Urban Growth New York, • In 1790 2 cities w/20,000 Philadelphia • By 1860 43 w/20,000 • By 1860 USA is 4th most populous country in the world! 1. 2. 3.

Westward Movement •

Americans marched quickly toward west – very hard w/ disease & loneliness

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Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed Westward movement molded environment – tobacco exhausted land – “Kentucky blue grass” thrived

5.3 million

Population Growth from 1620 to 1860

City growth

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850

The March of the Millions •

High birthrate accounted for population growth – Population doubling every 25 years

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Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared

Irish Immigration • • •

Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so they stayed in the cities

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Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!”

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Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)

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NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine

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Ancient Order of Hibernians

Gradually improved and became active politically

German Immigration • Most Germans came due to crop failures – Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin

• A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848 • German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists • Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

Sources of Immigration, 182040

Sources of Immigration, 184060

Settlements of Immigrants •Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston •Germans would settle in Midwest

Early Nativism •

American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s invasion of immigrants – –

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Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism Catholics built their own schools, were #1 denomination by 1850

1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party – –

Wanted immigration restrictions Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent (1834)

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Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several days of fighting (1844)

• A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production • Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories – Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. – Beginning of US Factory System

• US slow to embrace factory system – Scarce labor – Little capital – Superiority of British factories

american

Henry Clay, US John C. Calhoun, Congressmen from Senator from South Kentucky Carolina

system

Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US. •Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. •1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation •1860, the railroad is added

Provide economic growth •Americans buying American goods •American self-sufficiency. •Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow) •2nd Bank of the United States 3 Sections working together to build the country

Economy Leader __________ Role of Government

NORTHEAST •Business and Manufacturing •Daniel Webster ____________ •Wanted Tariffs •Backed internal improvements •Wanted end to cheap public land •Increasingly nationalistic •Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.

Economy Leader __________ Role of Government

SOUTH •Cotton growing •John C. Calhoun _____________ •Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System •Increasingly supportive of states’ rights •Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

Economy Leader __________ Role of Government

WEST •Frontier agriculture •Henry Clay _____________ •Supported internal improvements •Wanted cheap land •Loyal to the U.S. Govt. •Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue

• Population shift because of westward expansion – the West demanded transportation. – The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash • Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 – NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal – Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West • Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow • Navigable rivers and the steamboat – the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

Erie Canal System

Principal Canals in 1840

Highways • Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable • The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 – Connected Maryland to Illinois. – Built by US government

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. •Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

The Railroad Revolution,1850s • 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy • Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California. – Completed by 1869.

Pioneer Railroad Promoters • 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation. • 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy • Competition between Railroads and Canals • Obstacles – – – –

opposition from canal backers danger of fire poor brakes difference in track gauge meant changing trains

Map rr

Effects of the Transportation Revolution • 1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West • Telegraph instantly sent messages across US • Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy • People moved faster and country expanded – Unifying spirit among fellow country men – A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west

•Telegraph revolutionized communication •Would replace the Pony Express by 1861

Trails

•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Samuel Slater was the "Father •Born in England on June 9, 1768 of the American Factory System." and worked in British factories. •Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. •Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day

Early Textile Loom

The Lowell Mills • Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories

• Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody – Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

The Lowell System Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832

• • • •

Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday

Women & the Economy • 1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home – Vast majority of working women were single – Left paying jobs upon marriage

• “Cult of domesticity” – Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker

• Empowers married women – Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size

Workers & Wage Slaves • With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed • Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc. – Labor unions illegal

• 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

Workers & Wage Slaves • 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers – Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions – Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions

• 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day – 1837 depression hurt union membership

• Commonwealth v. Hunt – Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

•1830s, Industrialization grew throughout the North… •Southern cotton shipped to Northern textile mills was a good working relationship.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation  Americans were willing to try anything.  They were first copiers, then innovators.

1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “

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The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.

•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry. •He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles. •Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.

Cotton Production

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • Cotton gin invented in 1793 – 50 times more effective than hand picking

• Raising cotton more profitable – South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”

 New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first

commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel. The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.

John Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

Samuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

Perfected by Singer Gave boost to northern industry Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry Led many women into factories

From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)