File - Lepore`s Life and Health Science Corner

History of Health th th 16 and 17 Century

ated by: Safa Ali, Nazia Aqueel, Astrid Gonzalez, Nathan Brown, and Tenzene

Leonardo da Vinci By: Safa Ali

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The legacy of Leonardo Da Vinci has contributed to the science that we have today. From simply taking a trip through a helicopter to viewing the current time from a clock, Leonardo Da Vinci made this possible. Da Vinci was a man of many talents and interests. He’d spend his lifetime painting unusually artistic figures or engineering a new design for an innovation that will contribute to scientific advancement. He was regarded as the, “Renaissance Man”. Da Vinci was one of the first scholars to study friction and its contribution to machines. He explored all kinds of friction. He also drew a distinction between sliding and rolling friction. He stated two laws of friction: (1) the areas in contact have no effect on friction. (2) If the load of an object is doubled, its friction will also be doubled (Tribology). Da Vinci explored plate tectonics in a different perspective than that of many contemporary geologists, which helped discover the gradual shifts from coastlines are valid. Da Vinci innovated the revolutionary “Self-Propelled Car." This innovation contributed to the production of cars with advanced technological innovations. Da Vinci created the “Aerial Screw” which was a design of a helicopter. This contraption contributed to the actual helicopter today.

Da Vinci’s Inventions •Robotic Knight •Scaling Ladder •Armored Car •Machine for Storming Wall •Eight Barreled Machine Gun •Three-tier Machine Gun •Automatic Igniting Device for Firearms

•Parachute Drawing •Automobile car (powered by spring) •Crane Clocks •Horseless Carriage •Stretching Device for Barrel Spring

Artillery Park/Arsenal

Cannon Gun

Aerial Screw Helicopter

Giant Crossbow

Hydraulic Machine

Lens Grinder

Flying Machine

Organ Gun

Parabolic Compass

Transportation Tank

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was called the father of microscopy. He contributed a lot to microscope use and design. From Holland. Lived 1632-1723 Worked in a dry goods store where threads on cloth were counted using a magnifying glass. He worked on the lenses and modified the to 270x diameters which were the finest at the time. This led to him starting to build microscopes. These were the first practical microscopes. He was the first to see and describe bacteria (1674), the life in a drop of water, yeast plants, blood circulation and more. Sent over 100 letters to the Royal Society of England and the French Academy describing his findings. "My work, which I've done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof." - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Letter of June 12, 1716 None of his gold and silver microscopes have been recovered. The were sold off after he died. Tradesman from Delft, Holland. No fortune or higher education, university degrees or other languages. Discovered bacteria and cells Made over 500 microscopes, less than ten around today. Strong magnifying glasses, not compound microscopes used today

Gabriele Fallopius • Italian anatomist in the 16th century • Born in 1523 in Modena and died on October 9, 1562 in Padua • Grew up in poverty but later rose above it to become what he is known for today • Studied medicine and later became a professor at Ferrara • He studied with one of the greatest anatomists who gave the foundation for anatomy, Andreas Vesalius • Also got to study at one of the best anatomy schools on Europe at the time and later teach at as well, which is Padua. • Got published in Observations anatomical for his anatomy research • First person to discover and describe the semicircular canals, pauper's ligament and the male and female reproductive organs • When he joined forces with Vesalius to argue against the principle ideas of Galen, the views of the people shifted in medicine, which was one of the reasons medicine is how it was in the Renaissance period • Fallopius founded and named many organs in the body including the vagina, placenta, clitoris and many more • Described the fallopian tubes as “trumpets of the uterus”

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Bartolommeo Eustachio

Bartolommeo Eustachio is an Italian anatomist who is known as one of the fathers of modern anatomy (1520-1524) He was noted for the heart and the ear. He settled in Rome and made several anatomical discoveries including the tube from the middle ear and the mouth, and a valve on the right of the auricle both are called Eustachian after him. Eustachio was born in San Severino in eastern Italy. Scholars have placed his birth date from 1510 to 1524. His father was Mariano, a physician, and he gave him an excellent education, which included studying Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. He studied to become a doctor at the Archiginnasio della Sapienza in Rome, and he beginning his practice around 1540. He became the physician to Cardinal Giulio della Rovere in 1547. In 1549, Eustachio went to Rome with Cardinal Rovere. There he became a professor of anatomy at the Archiginnasiodella Sapienza. Because of his position, he was able to obtain human cadavers for dissections. Religious practices for the body made human anatomical studies really difficult to the extent that doctors could not legally dissect human corpses for many centuries. The problem began to ease during the start of the Black Death pandemics, which arrived in Europe around 1348. The popes wanted to know what caused the devastating disease, so they permitted postmortem examinations of plague victims. But it was almost 200 years later, in 1537, before Pope Clement VII allowed human dissections in normal anatomy classes.

William Harvey

• Harvey was an English physician who was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by the heart. Harvey was also the first to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilization of an egg by sperm. It took a further two centuries before a mammalian egg was finally observed, but nonetheless Harvey's theory won credibility during his lifetime. • Harvey, William was an English physician who, by observing the action of the heart in small animals and fishes, proved that heart receives and expels blood during each cycle. Experimentally, he also found valves in the veins, and correctly identified them as restricting the flow of blood in one direction. He developed the first complete theory of the circulation of blood, believing that it was pushed throughout the body by the heart's contractions. Harvey also noted, as earlier anatomists, that fetal circulation short circuits the lungs. He demonstrated that this is because the lungs were collapsed and inactive.

Bibliography

Leonardo da Vinci: (Safa Ali) • • • •

http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/ Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.tribology-abc.com/abc/history.htm Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.livescience.com/11329-leonardo-da-vinci-10-ideas.html Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/leonardo-da-vinci-inventions.html Retrieved: 8/31/12

Anton van Leeuwenhoek: (Nathan Brown) •

http://inventors.16th.com/library/inventors/blleeuwenhoek.htm Retrieved: 8/31/12

Gabriele Fallopius: Tezzina • • • •

http://www.bookrags.com/biography/gabriel-fallopius-wap/ Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/200926/Gabriel-Fallopius Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.accademia-lancisiana.it/falloppio.htm Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0001229.html Retrieved: 8/31/12

Bartolommeo Eustachio: (Nazia Aqueel) • • •

http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/bartolommeo_eustachio.htm Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/E/BartolommeoEustachio.html Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/16/Bartolomeo-Eustachio.html Retrieved: 8/31/12

William Harvey: (Astrid G) • •

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Harvey.html Retrieved: 8/31/12 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/harvey_william.shtml Retrieved: 8/31/12

APA Format Credits

Leonardo da Vinci: By SAFA ALI • Caleb, Trever. "Tribology." History of Science Friction. N.p., 14/05/2009. Web. 8/31/2012. . • Mathews, Jame. "Leonardo Da Vinci." The Inventions of Leonardo Da Vinci. ©Davinci Inventions, 2008. Web. 8/31/2012. . • Pearce, Kenenth. "Live Science." Leonardo da Vinci's 10 Best Ideas. LiveScience Corporation, 23/11/2005. Web. 8/31/2012. . • Thomspon, Carl. "Leonardo da Vinci's Inventions." Buzzle Articles on da Vinci. 2012 Buzzle, 16/3/2010. Web. 8/31/2012. . Anton van Leeuwenhoek: (Nathan Brown) • " Anton Van Leeuwenhoek." Library of Inventors. N.p., n.d. Web. 8/31/2012. .

Gabriele Fallopius: • "Gabriel Fallopius Biography." World of Anatomy and Physiology on Gabriel Fallopius. N.p., n.d. Web. 8/31/2012. . • "Gabriel Fallopius Italian Insight." Web. 8/31/2012. . Bartolommeo Eustachio: (Nazia Aqueel) • BARTOLOMMEO EUSTACHIO. Web. 8/31/2012. . • "Bartolomeo Eustachio Biography (c. 1524-1574)." . Advemg INC, n.d. Web. 8/31/2012. . William Harvey: (Astrid G) • Weeistein, Erid. Harvey, William (1578-1657). N.p., n.d. Web. 8/31/2012. .