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Muscles, Flight, and Temperature Regulation in Insects

John Cornell

Oxygen Consumption in some Animals Animal budgerigar resting flying

ml O2/g/hr

Animal

ml O2/g/hr

4.5 - 3.3 21.9

Calypte rest hovering

10 42.4

pidgeon resting flying

0.9 11.9

Selaphorus rest hovering

14 85

shrew

7 - 11

Homo sapiens V02 max bats

Lepidoptera rest flight

0.4 - 0.7 40 - 100

Schistocerca rest flying

0.6 10 - 30

5 2

Drosophila rest flight

(Prosser, 1973)

1.7 21

Homo sapiens

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_musclenerve_path/student_musclenerve/normal2.html

Neurogenic (Synchronous) Muscles

Pringle (1957)

Okanagana vanduzeei an endothermic cicada

Josephson & Young (1985)

Pringle (1957)

Okanagana vanduzeei

Josephson & Young (1985)

Tymbal muscle of Okanagana vanduzeei

Josephson & Young (1985)

Josephson & Young (1985)

Josephson, Young (1987)

Josephson, Young (1987)

Myogenic (Asynchronous) Muscles

Pringle (1957)

(Josephson, Malamud, Stokes (2000)

Josephson, Malamud, Stokes (2000)

Josephson, Malamud, Stokes (2000)

Flight

Douglas (1981)

Indirect wing muscles

Pringle (1957)

Insect wing movements from Wikipedia

Chapman (1971)

Vibrating halteres act like gyroscopes in dipterans

Chapman (1971)

Dragonfly direct wing muscles

Chapman (1971)

Wing beat frequencies in asynchronous flyers are determined in part by the resonant frequency of the wings.

Forcipomyia sp.

normal wing beat frequency 1046 Hz

Forcipomyia sp.

with clipped wings

Sotavalta (1953)

2200 Hz

Pringle (1957)

Temperature Regulation

Defined by source of heat

Endotherm

Exotherm

Endotherm/Exotherm

Type of temperature regulation

Homeothermic

Poikilothermic

Heterothermic

Method of regulation

Physiological

Behavioral

Physiological/behavioral

Dormant state

Hibernation

Torpor

Heinrich (1974)

Bombus vosnesenkii

Bombus vosnesenskii

Kammer & Heinrich (1974)

Bombus vosnesenskii

(Heinrich & Kammer (1973)

Bombus vosnesenskii

Heinrich & Kammer (1973)

Heinrich (1974)

Heinrich (1996)

Kammer & Heinrich (1974) .

Neoconocephalus triops

http://www.texasento.net/triops.htm

Neoconocephalus robustus

Heath & Josephson (1970)

Manduca sexta

Manduca sexta

Kammer (1980)

What can you do with heat?

Heinrich (1974)

Heinrich (1996)

Heinrich (1996)

Literature Cited Chapman, R.F. (1971) The insects: structure and function. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York. Douglas, M.M. (1981) Thermoregulatory significance of thoracic lobes in the evolution of insect wings. Science 211, 84-86. Heath J. E. & Josephson, R/K. (1970) Body temperature and singing in the katydid, Neoconocephalus robustus (Orthoptera, Tettigonidae). Biol. Bull, 272-285. Heinrich, B. (1974) Thermoregulation in endothermic insects. Science 185, 747-756. Heinrich, B. (1996) The thermal warriors: strategies of insect survival. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass Heinrich, b. & Kammer, A.E. (1973) Activation of the fibrillar muscles in the bumblebee during warm-up, stabilization of thoracic temperature and flight. J. exp. Biol., 58, 677-688. Kammer, A.E. (1981) Physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation in Insect thermoregulation, Bernd Heinrich, Editor. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Kammer, A. E. & Heinrich, B. (1974) Metabolic rates related to the muscle activity in bumblebees. J. exp. Biol., 61, 219-227. Josephson, R.K. (1987) Fiber Ultrastructure and contraction kinetics in insect fast muscles. (1987) Amer. Zool. 27, 991-1000. Josephson, R.K., Malmud, J.G. & Stokes, D.R. (2000) Asynchronous muscle: a primer. J. exp. Biol. 203, 2713-2722. Josephson, R.K. & Young, D. (1985) J. exp. Biol., 118, 185-208.

Pringle, J.W.S. (1957) Insect flight. Cambridge University Press

Prosser, C.L. (1973) Chapter 5, Oxygen: Respiration and metabolism. in Comparative Animal Physiology, third edition. C.L Prosser, Editor. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia Sotavalta, O. (1953) Recordings of high wing-stroke and thoracic vibration frequency in some midges. Biol. Bull. 104, 439-444.

The End