Gender equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship

More Women in the Workforce –

Making sense for business and the Economy Irish Presidency 2013 - Gender Equality Conference Dublin Castle 29-30 April

Willem ADEMA Senior Economist, Social Policy Division, OECD

Gender gaps in educational attainment have closed and/or reversed)in OECD countries but… Proportion of men and women who have a tertiary degree 2010, by age group 60

male 25-34

female 25-34

50 40 30 20 10 0

60

male 55-64

50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: OECD (2012), Education at a Glance

female 55-64

... despite gains in education, gender employment gaps continue to persist, also through the crisis. Employment rates by age group and gender, quarterly from 1st quarter 2007 to last quarter 2012

OECD – Working age pop. Men

OECD - Young people Men 15-24

Women

Source: OECD Gender Data Portal, www.oecd.org/gender/data

Q3-2012

Q1-2012

Q3-2011

Q1-2011

Q3-2010

Q3-2012

Q1-2012

Q3-2011

Q1-2011

Q3-2010

Q1-2010

Q3-2009

Q1-2009

Q3-2008

Q1-2008

Q3-2007

Q1-2007

60

Q1-2010

65

Q3-2009

70

Q1-2009

75

Q3-2008

80

Q1-2008

85

Q3-2007

50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30

Q1-2007

90

Women 15-24

Women continue to have slower career progression … Women’s shares in the labour force and senior management in the private sector, 2010 %

60

Labour force share

50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

Senior manager share

… be predominantly employed in certain economic service sectors… Feminisation rates of service activities %

Transport, storage and communication

25

Public administration and defense

46

Other community activities, private household with employed persons

58

Education

70

Finance, intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities

45

Health and social work

78

Whole and retail trade, hotels and restaurants

50 0

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

20

40

60

80

100

… are less likely to be entrepreneurs... Employers as a proportion of the employed, by gender, 2010 % 12

Women

10 8 6 4 2 0

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

Men

… and have lower earnings. Gender pay gap in earnings for full-time employees, 2000 and 2010 2010

% 30

20

10

0

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

2000

Policy levers

•

Women are better educated and occupy more highly skilled, better paid jobs than before. It would be more efficient if economies and societies made better use of this through by:

-

Labour market institutions that allow swift adjustments of work patterns

-

Combined with family-friendly policies (e.g. childcare)…

-

Assessment and monitoring

… while encouraging more equal gender sharing of paid and unpaid work (tax/ben policy, family policy)

Men could do more at home Unpaid work and female employment rates, recent years Minutes of unpaid work per day 500 Female: R² = 0.43 400

TUR

MEX PRT

ITA POL

300

200 MEX

TUR ZAF

AUS

IRL

EST SVN NLDGBR NZL JPN ESP CAN FRA SWE AUT DEU BEL KOR NOR FIN CHN DNK USA DNK POL ESP EST SVN USA AUS FIN CAN SWE DEU NLD NOR BEL NZL GBR FRA AUT IRL HUN PRT CHN JPN KOR

HUN

ZAF

100

Male: R² = 0.21

ITA

0 20

30

40

50

60

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap Act Now. (www.oecd.org/gender)

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

70 80 Women employment rate, %

Provide paid employment-protected parental leave and promote more equal use among parents

•

Paid parental leave, Evidence suggests :

–

– •

extending parental leave entitlements had a small positive effect on the female-to-male employment ratio but only up to two years of leave; extending paid parental leave is associated with an increase in the gender pay gap among full-time workers;

Encourage fathers to take available parental leave, also by reserving part of the parental leave entitlement for their exclusive and nontransferable use. Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

Paid parental leave (supplementary to paid maternity leave), 2008 Gender pay gap age 30-34 % 30

R² = 0.604

SVK

AUT

JPN

25

CZE

20 15

FIN

CAN KOR DEU USA AUS

DNK

NOR

GBR IRL

10

BEL

5

NZL

0 0

50

100

150

Number of paid weeks of parental leave

200

Closing the gaps in participation can help sustain labour force and gdp growth No change scenario Convergence in participation rates Convergence in intensity of labour market participation 42 000

United Kingdom

38 000 34 000 30 000

47 000

Germany

43 000 39 000 35 000

Source: OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now

THANK YOU and FURTHER READING!

www.oecd.org/gender