history of ideologies.

January 6, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, World History
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Unit -2 WESTERN HISTORY OF IDEOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Religo-Philosophical, Welfarism,Democracy and Human rights

Philosophy: It is an academic discipline that seeks to understand the mysteries of existence and reality. It tries to discover the nature of truth and knowledge and to find the importance in life. It also examines the relationship between humanity and nature between the individual and the society.

Ideology :originated in religious questions that concern the nature and purpose of life and death and the relationship of human to super-human powers or a divine creator. Social Change : It is generally influenced be religious and secular ideologies

HISTORICAL STAGES ANCIENT PERIOD

- UPTO 400s

MEDIEVAL PERIOD - 400s to 1600s 1. JUDEO-CHRISTIAN IDEOLOGIES 2. SECULAR HUMANISIM 3. PROTESTANTISM

MODERN PERIOD

- 1600s to 1950s

1.Rationalism 2.Welfarism 3.Liberalism and Democracy 4.Utilitarianism and Social Darwinism 5.Socialisim 6.Human Rights

In each stage we will study the following Historical Context of Origin and Development Social Context IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Perception of People and Social Problems Implications

ANCIENT PERIOD Greek Ideologies Historical Context of Origin and Development 5th Century BC – Greece was a collection of independent states

Social Context     

Greece had separate independent states Agricultural and Horticultural society Direct Democracy – Every man votes Slavery System Slaves and women could not participate in voting

ANCIENT PERIOD

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Nature was central, human beings were second, GOD was third –Humans were more important than GODS Greek philosophers

Socrates said that success is not a short term affair unless founded on logical truth and moral right. Plato said that statesmen should rule rather than politicians, the world consists of material objects and abstract ideas (short lived pleasures) Aristotle said that there is only one external world that is the material world ANCIENT PERIOD

MEDIEVAL PERIOD 1.JUDEO-CHRISTIAN IDEOLOGIES Historical Context of Origin and Development To about 1700 BC – Judaism existed before Greek philosophers Christianity was a social movement in Judaism Jesus wanted to reform Judaism not replace it and did not mention himself as the founder of Christianity Christianity was rejected by Jews and Romans Paul a disciple of Jesus spreads Christianity ,Christianity becomes the official religion later. After the fall of Western Roman Empire Europe was divided into regional powers The pope was had religious and political authority Social Context Monarchies Feudalism an important feature Feudal lords were powerful, they controlled the churches and gave them lands Perception of people and Social Problems Adam and Eve committed Original Sin GOD sent his son Jesus to wash away our sins One GOD and 3 persons Holy Trinity) –Father, son and the Holy Ghost/spirit

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE JUDAISM-Hebrew Bible-Old Testament for Christians TORAH(GODS revelation to MOSES) -One GOD worship him alone -Coming of Messiah -Ten Commandments -Rewards and punishment according to ones deeds -Christianity retained the importance of the Hebrew Bible -Jesus used the ten commandments for moral and ethical teachings -Love of GOD and love of neighbours and enemies -GOD made the church, administered by priests -Priests Responsibility to offer Seven sacraments is very important -JUDAISM and CHRISTIANITY gave greatest importance to CHARITY

Implications for social change Judeo-Christian – development of western culture Power of Pope (divine and final) in matters of political and social Conflict between European rulers and the Pope

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

2.SECULAR HUMANISIM -Revival of Importance of Human Beings Historical Context of Origin and Development 12th & 13th centuries – Trade increased - barter economy to money economy Traders and merchants supported the kings Feudal lords declined Social Context New class provided services (managers and clerks) Rise of middle class Foundation of Renaissance (began in Italy 1300 and spread all over Western Europe) Emphasis on science and humanism Perception of people and Social Problems Scholars and Artists rediscover ancient humanistic works

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Secular Humanism liberated humanity from religion Question the church regarding social life Replaced religion Moral obligations are to be discharged voluntarily by every person Man is a part of nature

Implications Ethical basis for civil society in the modern era Let to secularism in politics which lead to separation of religion from politics

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

3. Protestantism – Promotion of individualism and work ethics Historical Context of Origin and Development 

 

Influence of Renaissance and unscientific attitude of the catholic church was challenged 16th century corruption in catholic church sparked a religious movement called reformation It lead to several protestant groups – new churches came

Social Context Martin Luther – A leading reformer – work his service to GOD People who do not work are sinners Favoured the development of a rational bourgeois life

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Protestants rejected authority of Roman catholic church Protestants turn to the bible as authority – Bible translated to english Stressed faith in GOD

Implications

Pursuit of wealth, stripped of its religious and ethical meaning Profit motive

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

MODERN PERIOD 1.Rationalism Historical Context of Origin   

Philosophic outlook that arose in the 1600s, Age of reason or enlightenment for humankind, opposed to superstitious and ignorant ‘Dark Ages’ IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

   

Shift away from religious sensibilities to scientific objectivity Reasoning replaced religion as the source of knowledge The 17th century philosophers in Europe emphasized division between mind and matter Philosophers focused the mind and left the inquiry about matter to science. Values were separated from facts. Implications

  

19th century closed, modern science was firmly embedded Scientific humanism rejects every method of inquiry other than scientific Western science had assumed a God-like supremacy which was to endure throughout most of the 20th century

MODERN PERIOD

2. Welfarism Historical Context of Origin and Development England was leading among the Protestant countries Begging and alms-giving were outlawed except for the “worthy” poor. The Henrican Poor Law acknowledged that the state rather than the church or volunteers must play some role in caring for the poor. Scientists criticized that direct and religious charity was indiscriminate and not scientific. England enacted the Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601 Perception of People and Social Problems The Elizabethan Poor Law provided for helpless people whose needs were large and likely to be prolonged – orphans, the handicapped, the chronically ill and the feeble aged Perceived as sources of political trouble, failures of the system Those who did not work were accused of sinfulness or immorality INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Elizabethan Poor Law said that it is the duty of the parish to help the poor Able bodied poor forced to work in work houses –minimum care was provided Population increased more than food supplies Malthus a liberal economist said that charity would make people lazy 1834- New poor law-government not responsible for employment 1930s –great depression-social welfare programmes throughout the world

MODERN PERIOD

3.Liberalism and Democracy Historical Context of Origin and Development Science replaced religion and ideology Individual initiative and control Production process from agriculture to Industrial Peoples rule emerged, it limited the kings powers A new social class emerged-bankers, traders, manufacturers Socio-political changes –bourgeois revolution American and French revolution Racial Hatred –Nazi ruled Germany Colonies in the world IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Adam Smith a classical economist said that supply and demand will regulate not only prices of goods but also the incomes of those who produce the goods Government should not interfere in trade and provide social benefits for heavy losers in the form of welfare

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

4.Utilitarianism and Social Darwinism Historical Context of Origin and Development

Liberalist ideology and Industrial revolution made European nationalism aggressive promoting international trade and colonization in Asia and Africa Machines made more goods Raw materials came from colonies IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Adam Smith a classical economist said that supply and demand will regulate not only prices of goods but also the incomes of those who produce the goods Government should not interfere in trade and provide social benefits for heavy losers in the form of welfare Survival of the fittest –SOCIAL DARWINISM –profitable people survive , Worthy and Non-worthy Kinship system changed-Monogamy by Polygamy IMPLICATIONS Individualism became essential for the economic growth Pleasure the ultimate right of every person USA-Equal opportunity for all MODERN PERIOD Racism against ethnic groups

5.Socialism Historical Context of Origin and Development Plato had told that that the ruling class own everything in common During the French revolution the ideology emerged Common ownership of economic resources by the direct producers or the workers Perception of People and Social Problems Karl Marx –father of socialism Inequality of classes Newer modes of production facilitated conflict between classes

IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE People questioned the capitalistic society Workers all over the world unite Private property was abolished Class struggle Birth of Trade Unions and Labour Unions Karl Marx’s writings made an impact all over the world Socialists founded new parties called communist parties Rise of Communist countries,Russia,China INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Marxist ideologies contributed to: Industrialization, price stability, women's labour forces, full employment, advance of science and technology, improved eductaion,health and welfare systems, child care facilities

MODERN PERIOD

6.Human Rights Historical Context of Origin and Development

Increased enmity among European nations led to World War-I in 1914 after the war the economy of the winner and looser collapse US remained a rich country because of its trade European countries borrowed from US European industries came to a standstill Rise of military dictatorship-Italy, Germany, Spain Aggressive and expansionist policies led to World War-II More economic losses compelled them to end colonization This time too US emerged as a super power After the war in 1945 the united nations was set up United nations main aim was to prevent war in future It gave the hope for global peace

Perception of People and Social Problems UN report states that the denial of human rights is not only an individual and personal tragedy but also creates conditions of social and political unrest, sowing the seeds of violence and the conflict within and between societies and nations MODERN PERIOD

IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Judeo-Christian ideology influences the western idea of revolutions and human rights Human rights are those rights that are inherent in pure nature and without which, we cannot live as human beings Declaration of Human Rights All international communities must abide by it 1948—30 articles-drew together ideas shared by many political, cultural, and religious traditions to set out the treatment that everyone in the world would accept as a member of the human family 1966-Covenants (agreements) International covenant on Economic,social,cultural,civil,political rights Liberal ideology is born. freedom from torture,slavery,forced labour,freedom of movement,thought,opinion,conscience,religion…….. INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Individualistic Liberal humanism MODERN PERIOD

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