Industrial Revolution

May 11, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, European History, Europe (1815-1915), Industrial Revolution
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INDUSTRIALIZATION: ù Industrialization is the process

of developing industries that use machines to produce goods.

ù Industrial Revolution is the

process by which European nations changed from mostly agricultural societies to industrialized ones.

Characteristics of Industrialization: ù Replacement of animal/human power by

harnessed forms of natural energy  Steam  Electricity & Oil  Nuclear Power ù Making of goods by machines in factories ù Accompanied by…

 Urbanization  New class structure  Slow but steady rise in standard of living  Mass consumption of goods

Why Great Britain? ù

ù

ù

Improved agricultural practices = more food, less labor, cheaper prices Population growth = large labor force Many entrepreneurs with a ready supply of capital

ù

Plentiful natural resources

ù

Ready supply of markets

The Cottage Industry:

Innovations in Weaving & Spinning:

Kay’s “flying shuttle

Crompton’s “spinning mule”

Hargreaves’s “spinning jenny”

Arkwright’s “water frame”

Cartwright’s Power Loom

Moved the workers from the cottage to the factory !

James Watt’s Steam Engine 1776-82

The Most Important Invention of the Industrial Revolution !

The Impact of the Railroad

The Factory

Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Industrialization By 1850

Second Industrial Revolution (1850-1914 ù Power Sources:    

Steel Chemicals Electricity Petroleum

ù Innovations:   

Telegraphs, Telephones & Radios Light Bulbs Automobiles, Airplanes & Improved Ocean Liners

Child Labor in the Factories

Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

Woman “hurriers”

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor Today

The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850

The Growth of Manchester, England 1750-1850

Industrial Manchester:

Cotton Mills, AncoatsLane, Manchester c. 1820

World’s 1st public railway: Liverpool to Manchester

Manchester from a Distance 1857:

Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wylde in 1857. Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.

Worker Housing in Manchester:

Factory Workers at Home

Problem of Cholera

The Silent Highwayman - 1858

View of Manchester 1870:

Source: View from Blackfriars bridge over the River Irwell, The Graphic, weekly magazine dealing with social issues, 1870's.

Manchester Today:

1990

The Skyline of Shanghai 1990-today today

Air Pollution in Shanghai:

Air Pollution in Shanghai:

Pollution in the Huangpu River:

Overcrowded Housing in Shanghai:

A Traffic Jam in Shanghai:

New Industrial Social Order “Bourgeoisie” Professionals & White-collar workers

 15% of pop; 27% of wealth

Aristocracy & Wealthy Industrialists  5% of pop; 33% of wealth

New Elite

“Proletariat”

Middle-Class

Skilled & Semi-skilled workers

 80% of pop; 40% of wealth

Working Class

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. Utopians tried to build perfect communities [utopias]. Marxists called for a worker revolution that would create a classless society [communism].

The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Key Ideas 

Profit is based on exploitation



History is story of class struggle



Called for worker revolution against capitalist state

Workers of the World Unite! Karl Marx

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

& Friedrich Engels Communism

Trade Union Movement V New associations formed by skilled

laborers in # of new industries organized by socialists

V Willing to strike to obtain goals V By 1914, they had bettered both the

living & working conditions of the working class

CAPITALISM

Who owns means of production?

Idea of Progress

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

SOCIALISM

CAPITALISM

Who owns means of production?

Idea of Progress

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

private individuals/ businesses

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

Idea of Progress

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices

Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them

Basic Philosophy

Distribution of Wealth

Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Basic Philosophy

Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices

Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them

Distribution of Wealth

Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses

Role of Gov’t in Economy

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Basic Philosophy

Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices

Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them

Distribution of Wealth

Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses

Goods are distributed according to each person’s need

Role of Gov’t in Economy

Who owns means of production?

Idea of Progress

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Basic Philosophy

Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices

Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them

Distribution of Wealth

Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses

Goods are distributed according to each person’s need

Role of Gov’t in Economy

Should not interfere (laissez-faire)

CAPITALISM

SOCIALISM

Who owns means of production?

private individuals/ businesses

community or state (gov’t)

Idea of Progress

individuals following own self-interest

Community of producers cooperate for good of all

Basic Philosophy

Competition shapes the market & leads to best product at lowest prices

Capitalist employers exploit workers; community/state should protect them

Distribution of Wealth

Rewards go to the most successful owners of businesses

Goods are distributed according to each person’s need

Should not interfere (laissez-faire)

Redistribute wealth according to need

Role of Gov’t in Economy

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