Industrialization & Nationalism 1800-1870

Industrialization & Nationalism

1800-1870

Factors of Production

People  James

Watts  Proletariat  Stevenson  Bourgeoisie  Eli Whitney  Class struggle  Henry Ford  Marxism  Karl Marx  Great Famine

Essential Questions  Trace

patterns of industrialism in the

world.  Analyze how new innovations made industrialism more successful.  Contrast the circumstances of labor [workers] before and after the Industrial Revolution.  Discuss the emergence of industrial capitalism and its implications.  Discuss the impact of industrialism on society.

Cottage Industry / Factory System 

 Cottage

Industry  Piecework directly tied to how much produced.

Factory System 



 Earnings

Centralized work place> outside home

Paid by how much time you worked 

Women & children paid less $ than men

Machines set pace  Made in home  Direct control of workforce  Family enterprise  Limited breaks to  Whole families maximize production helped 

Cottage Industry

Factory System

Patterns of Industrialization  Great

Britain

 First

emerged there  Favorable conditions & demand for textiles  Mechanization  Kay 

of Industry

[1733]> flying shuttle

increased production 100 X previous production

 Crompton’s

mule [1779]> new spinning

machine  Cartwright’s [1785]> power loom

Industrial Innovation  Britain

source of many innovations  James Watt’s [1765]> steam engine  Iron & Steel  Use of coke to fuel furnaces  Bessemer Process > cheap steel making  Transportation  Railroads & steam ships lowered costs  Stevenson [1815] 

Steam powered locomotive

New Social Classes Emerge  Owner

class

 Wealthy

entrepreneurs & investors  Well educated  High standard of living

 Working  Labor

class

force of poor / immigrants  No education b/c child labor  Exploited for their labor

Industrial Capitalism  Eli

Whitney  Machine tools  Standardized interchangeable parts  Henry Ford  Assembly line production of automobile  Lowered costs  Paid workers more [$5 a day]  Workers could afford cars [$200]

Industrial Capitalism  Big

Businesses / corporations

 Were

promoted b/c  High cost of factories  Capital investment

 British  Laid

& French

legal groundwork for modern corporations

Industrial Capitalism  MONOPOLIES  Direct

domination of any industry

 CAPITALISTS

Either formed:

Trusts  Many businesses run as one  Cartels  Groups that set production & price  O.P.E.C. 

Spread of Industrialism Napoleonic

Wars abolished guilds & trade barriers Facilitated

W. Europe

Belgium,

industrialization in

Germany, & France

Industrialized

by 1900

Social Impact of Industrialism  Population

growth  Better diets & improved sanitation  Urbanization  Internal migration 

rural to urban

 Demographic  Relative

transition

stability  Voluntary birth control low fertility rate

Urbanization & Migration  Urbanization

 Internal

migration  From



TRANSCONTINENTAL

 External

migration

 Mostly

Europe to America

farms to  50M from early factories

 Growth

in number & size of cities

19th to early 20th Cent.

Social Impact of Industrialization New

Social Classes

Captains 

extreme wealth

Middle 

class

largest beneficiary

Working 

of Industry

class

poorly paid, unskilled

Social Implications INDUSTRIAL

FAMILIES:

Families

lead separate lives Men gain stature 

Workers resisted work discipline

Working

women [only lower

class] Child labor common because of low wages to family & child

Casualties: 148 http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/

Great Famine  Ireland A

direct colony of Britain

 Oppressed

among Western nations  Dispossessed of their land and vote  Tenants

 Potatoes  Crop

in their own land

failure lead to famine

 Britain

exported food during the

famine  1M died / 2M emigrate

Resistance to Industrial Domination  KARL

MARX

 Intense

competition lead to exploitation  Political & social institutions served only the interests of the capitalists

 Promoted

“class struggle”

 Bourgeoisie 

 Did

vs. Proletariat

Business owners / workers

not believe capitalism could reform itself

Nationalism Part 2

Essential Questions  What

influence did the Crimean War have on European nationalism?  How did the Principles of Legitimacy and of Intervention impact European relationships?  Compare the unification of Italy and the unification of Germany.  Identify the reform movements of the era.

People & Concepts  Nationalism

Congress of Vienna  Crimean War  Principle of  Florence Nightingale Intervention  Metternich  Principle of Legitimacy  Otto Von Bismarck  Emancipation of  Cavour & Girabaldi Serfs  Czar Alexander II  Ausgleich  British North  Documents of America Act Liberalism  Queen Victoria  Realpolitik 

Nationalism  Nationalism

 IDEOLOGY

OF A NATION STATE  Emerged after the French Revolution

 Revolutions

in Central Europe  Based on universal male suffrage  Austrian Empire  Multinational 

state

Fragmentation of interests of its people

Impact of Crimean War  CRIMEAN

WAR  Direct impetus for new alliances in Europe  Russia

& Austria now enemies

 Promoted

a new rise of nationalism in the Balkans  Spread

throughout Europe

Crimean War 1853-1856

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale

Congress of Vienna  PEACE

SETTLEMENT AFTER NAPOLEONIC WARS  Metternich  [Austrian 

foreign minister]

Conservative ideologist

 PRINCIPLE

OF LEGITIMACY

 PRINCIPLE

OF INTERVENTION

 Great 

Powers

Right to send armies to intervene with revolutions

Opposition to Conservatism  Liberalism  Powerful

& nationalism

forces for change

 Liberalism  Enlightenment

was the source

 Supported

Civil liberties, free speech, press, religion  Separation of church & state  Were not democrats 



Only equality and power to white men of property

Documents of Liberalism American

Declaration of Independence Equality

Popular Sovereignty Life – liberty – pursuit of happiness Declaration

of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Liberty–

equality - fraternity

Map Austria-Hungarian Empire

National Unification Movements  ITALY 

[1860]

Mazzini’s Young Italy spurred uprisings

 Cavour 

Expelled Austria from northern Italy

 Garibaldi 



Consolidated south

Vittore Emmanuele

 GERMANY

[1871]

 Otto

Von Bismarck  Prime Minister  Provoked

wars to swell German pride

 Prussian  Self-proclaimed  Emperor

Reich

of 2nd

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Unification of Germany  Bismarck  Unified

by force

 Autocratic

rule

 Militarism 

Power base

 Realpolitik  Practical

ideology

politics not based in

Franco-Prussian War [1870]

Reforms France

King

Louis Napoleon

Created

Napoleon III empire (r.1852-1870 Very successful until war with Prussia France returned to republic

Reform  Austria  Ausgleich

1867  Split into two: 

Austria-Hungarian Empire

Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)

Reform

 Russia  Czar 

Alexander II

Emancipation of serfs

 Opposition

of conservatives & demands of liberals forced his return to repressive rule

Reforms  Reforms  Changes

brought about indirectly by revolutions

 Britain  Liberal 

parliamentary reform

Queen Victoria’s sense of respectability

 Promoted

stability

economic & political

Canadian Nation  United

Provinces of Canada

 United

 British

upper & lower Canada

North American Act

 Parliamentary

move –feared American intentions  Dominion of Canada Domestic self rule  No control over foreign affairs 

Reform in the U.S.  Divisive

factor in U.S.

 Industrial

south

north / agricultural

 Lincoln

– dedicated to free territories  Southern economy base – slavery  Democratic

politics brought many into the fray

 Abolition

– source of division

Enduring Questions  What

are the long and short-term benefits of industrialism globally?  What are the long and short-term problems that have emerged locally and globally as a result of industrialism?  What past and present problems in the world can be traced to nationalism?