Industrialization - Revere Local Schools

Chapter 7 -1st Industrial Revolution 1700-1914 • Write down 5 things you remember from learning the Industrial Revolution last year 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Notes Read section 1 of chapter 7. (pages 246-249) Fill in this slide with the following:

• Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? • Definition of Industrial Revolution • How did farming and industry change? • Improvements in Transportation

Section 1 Notes Quiz 1. What is Industrialization? 2. How did transformation in farming lead to population growth and industrialization

3. What factors led to industrializationname three

Chapter 7 Section 1

Industrialization Innovation in agriculture and industry lead to major social and economic changes during the 1700 and 1800’s.

Objectives for Chapter 9 Section 1 • Analyze why life changed as industry spread • Summarize how an agricultural revolution led to the growth of industry • Outline new technologies that helped trigger the Industrial Revolution

Industrialization • Industrialization- when power driven machinery replaces manual labor done on farms, in homes, and during production. • Industrialization starts in Britain during the 1700’s.

Life Before Industry • People lived the same way their ancestors had for hundreds of years. • Seasons and religious traditions measured time • People relied almost solely on Farming to make a living. • Families were small • High infant death rate • Only 25 % of people lived in towns or cities. • Village life

Village Life • Rural villagers were farmers. • Wealthy land owners rented land out. • Private and public land not separated off-land used for peasants to farm • Public land-woodlands and pastures • Village economies were selfsufficient • Why?

Early Industries • Small industry necessary to meet local needs • Coal, glass, iron, wool • Domestic system used for industry. • Define Domestic System- process of making cloth in ones home with several people (early factory concept

Beginnings of Change • Open Field system in rural villages is ended during the 1700’s by the Enclosure Movement. • Enclosures allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands. • What will happen to rural farmers??

Beginnings of Change • Rural farmers forced to move to cities to find work. • Landowners implement new technology and ideas to raise more crops. Examples• Planting turnips-to preserve the soil • Crop rotation • Breeding stronger animals • See drill Can you think of technological changes in farming from today?

Crop Rotation

Seed Drill

Beginnings of Change • Changes in farming= AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION = more efficient farming that requires less manual labor

This allows for more food to be grown by less people freeing up others to work in industries.

Population Boom • More food led to an increase in population • Increase in food mad up for times of famine which caused people to starve to death • People’s eating became healthier • Hygiene and sanitation became better • Medical care improved-Antiseptics

New Technology Develops • New sources of energy to power machines- Steam Engine (James Watt) powered by coal • Iron ore- uses coal instead of charcoalmakes iron stronger and less expensive to produce-this leads to bridges and rail roads

Water Transportation • Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 • England’s water transport improved by system of canals Road Transportation • British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads

Clermont

Steam-Driven Locomotives • In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steamdriven locomotive • In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad • Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester • Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829) Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain • Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs • Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities

Rocket

Section 1 Summary • Starting in the 1700’s machine made goods and processes replaced man made • Agriculture revolutionized first • This increased population and allowed more workers to be freed up to work in factories • Birth in new technologies started to modernize societies • Life will go from small rural farmers to industrialized cities

Britain Leads the Way Section 2

Objectives • Understand why Britain was the starting point for the Industrial Revolution • Describe the changes that transformed the textile industry • Explain the significance of the transportation revolution.

Start of Industrialization in England • Why does Industry Start in England? • ________________- Landowners made $ and could invest in industry. • _________________- iron ore, large network of rivers and harbors, water • _________________supply-displaced farmers, growing population • ________________-bring all the resources together

Textiles Lead the Way • __________________for cloth replaced by the Factory System. AKA-cottage industry or domestic system. • Textile industry brings in advances in machinery. • Those advances will eventually be implemented into other industries. • Know the new machinery introduced to the textile industry in England.

Water Frame Richard Arkwright

Spinning MuleSamuel Crompton

Cotton GinSpinning Jenny-James Hargreaves

Eli Whitney

Flying Shuttles

•

• invented by John Kay doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Spinning Jenny

•

• James Hargreaves Allowed spinner to work eight threads at a time

Water Frame

•

• Invented by Richard Arkwright used waterpower to drive spinning wheels

Spinning Mule

• •

• Invented by Samuel Crompton Combined features of a spinning jenny and water frame Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent

Power Loom

•Invented by Edmund Cartwright

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ history/british/victoria ns/launch_ani_paddl e_steamship.shtml

Revolution in Transportation • Production increased so ways to transport goods needed to follow suit • Better roads-_______________________entrepreneurs built them and charged travelers fees to use them • ______________________ dug to connect rivers • _______________________(1800’s)-could go places rivers could not-R.R. sprouted up all over Britain, Europe and North America

Why does Industry Grow at a Fast Pace? • • • • • • • •

Industrial Capitalism Interchangeable Parts Division of Labor Partnerships Corporations Capitalism Laissez-Faire government policy Better Transportation-Railroads, steamboats, road transportation(turnpikes)

Summary • Britain had the necessary resources to develop industry-labor, capital and natural resources • Textile Industry was the first area to industrialize • Industrialization grew due to Entrepreneurs, faster technology and transportation methods

Assessment Questions • Explain how each of the following helped contribute to demand for consumer goods in Britain: a. Population explosion b. General economic prosperity • What was the significance of new machines to the textile industry? • Explain how advances in Britain helped lead to global trade.

The new technology set off a cycle that dramatically affected how people lived. More affordable goods caused still lower prices.

Lower prices created more consumers and greater demand.

Greater demand led to new inventions and still more affordable goods.

Chapter 7 Section 3 Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Chapter 7 Section 3 Objectives • Explain what caused urbanization and what life was like in the new industrial cities.

• Compare and contrast the industrial working class and the new middle class. • Understand how the factory system and mines changed the way people worked. • Analyze the benefits and challenges of industrialization.

Terms and People

• urbanization – the movement of people to cities • tenement – crowded, multistory building divided into apartments • labor union – workers’ organization

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization.

• Changes in farming, rising population, and the need for workers led people to migrate to cities. • Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron mines mushroomed. • Manchester grew from 17,000 people in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.

The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class, or bourgeoisie.

The middle class lived in clean neighborhoods with running water and paved streets. Women stayed home to raise their children.

They included merchants, inventors, investors, and “rags to riches” individuals who were admired for their hard work and “get-ahead” attitude.

The cities where the working class lived were crowded, dark, dirty, and smoky. • The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in multistory tenements packed into vilesmelling slums. • Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in the streets, creating a terrible stench. • Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating drinking water and spreading

Organizations such as labor unions were illegal. Frustration at times Frustrated workers turned to violence: tried to organize • Between 1811 and secretly, but they 1813, textile workers lacked a political rioted. voice and were powerless to affect • Groups called change. Luddites smashed labor-saving machines that were replacing workers.

See Chart Group Notes for this section also

Child labor reform laws called “factory laws” were passed in the early 1800s.

• Children’s

workdays were reduced to 12 hours.

• Children

under eight were removed from the cotton mills. New laws in the 1830s and 1840s further reduced hours for women and children, sent inspectors into factories, and required that children be educated.

Since the 1800s people have debated whether industrialization was a blessing or a curse. The industrial age brought great hardship. Pay was low, conditions were terrible, and housing was dismal.

Workers later gained the vote and political power. Wages rose in time. The cost of new products and of travel dropped.

Minor labor laws • http://www.com.ohio.gov/laws/docs/laws_M LLPoster.pdf • Good site for child labor information during England's industrial revolution • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRchild .htm

Chapter 7 section 4 New Ways of ThinkingReforming the Industrial World

Chapter 7 Section 4 Reforming the Industrial World •

Section 4 is about trying to fix the problems that industry brings

1. Big gap between the rich and poor 2. Working conditions 3. Urbanization •

Section 4 proposes different economic theories to make people in society more equal

Economic Systems • Industrialization opened a wide gap between the rich and the poor. • Workers demanded more rights and some felt that government needed to change the way economies were organized • By the 1800’s big business viewed government involvement in the economy negatively while the poor working class viewed government regulation in the economy as a positive. • Too many problems in society = change

Economic Systems • Some countries will change the way their society organizes their economy and makes decisions on how people get the resources they need such as money and jobs. • An economic system is the way in which countries answer the 3 questions of 1.Who should own resources in society? 2.What and how to produce? 3.Who gets the finished goods from production?

Industrialization leads to problems

• Industry leads to problems in society • Solution-change the current economic system from Laissez-faire capitalism to a system with government intervention. • Laissez Faire theory-industries and businesses make decisions without government telling them what to do. • Capitalism-factors of production are privately owned and invested to make a profit. • Thinkers such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo supported laissez-faire theories • How did capitalism bring about the Industrial Rev.?

Solutions to problems with Industry-make economies more equal Proposed economic theories in the 1800’s • Economic System_- means of productioncapital, raw materials, land, factories, etc. should be owned by society and controlled through govt.

• Wealth would be distributed equally throughout society

Solutions to problems with industry continued… • Utilitarianism_-everyone in society should put in equal work and receive equal benefits. • Laws should be judged by usefulness. • Education for all • Public health service for all • Improved Prisons • Bentham’s ideas were supported By John Stewart Mill-he actually set Jeremy Up a mill and town where wages were good and noBentham child labor was used.

Solutions to problems with industry continued…

Karl Marx

Frederich Engles

• Communism- society without private property and class distinctions. Govt. would control property and wealth. Extreme socialism • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels though of theory • Believed that capitalism was temporary phase in society • Proletariat or the working class would eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie or the middle class to create an equal, classless society

New Economic Theories = Creation of New Economic Systems

Economic Systems Reform • Countries move away from a market system to fix the problems of industrialization • Governments get involved and put regulations on businesses • Most countries do not become communist even though the government gets involved in the economy • Instead they become Mixed economies which call for some government regulation while individuals still own private property and have freedom to make choices in the economy

Force of Change • Countries’ economies are forced to change due to the spread of different economic theories –socialism, communism and utilitarianism • Unions develop and strike • At first, governments did not allow unions. • Eventually unions are allowed to come together with their employers to collective bargain.

Industrial Reforms • Factory Act 1830-illegal to hire children under age 9, 9-12 years old could not work longer than 8, 13-17 no longer than 12 • Mines Act-no women and children working underground • 10 hrs. Act-women and children can not work longer than 10 hours

Social Reforms • Abolition of slavery in England • Women’s rights movement begins for higher wages, better education, and voting • Cities regulate housing through building codes, fire and police protection, garbage removal and try to clean up pollution (very little)

Conclusion • By the late 1800’s and early 1900’s people could not ignore problems from industrialization • Economies became mixed balancing out private interests with the good of the community • Some countries became totally equalcommunism in Russia • Industrialization continued to advance societies and provide for a modern way of life while slowly addressing problems for the poor working classes

Economic Systems Simple Exchange

Tradition

Relies on custom, habit, or ritual. Little room for innovation or change. Associated with low standard of living.

Laissezfaire/Capitalism

Market

Economic decisions made by individuals. Freedom, competition, and profit are valued in this system.

Communism Socialism Utilitarianism

Combination of all theories

Command

Mixed

Central gov’t or authority answers economic questions. Lack of consumer goods. Heavy in military spending.

Combines all three previous economic systems. Traditional and free market with limited government involvement.

New Science and Medicine During 1800’s and 1900’s • Not only were there problems with working conditions in society but there were also problems with disease and sickness. • New Discoveries were being made during the 18 and 1900’s which will improve the standard of living and life expectancy. • New Discoveries also help explain the way the world works

New Discoveries • • • • • • •

Cell Theory and Evolution-Charles Darwin Genetics-Gregor Mendel Vaccines-Edward Jenner Discovery of Bacteria-Louis Pasteur Safe Surgery-Joseph Lister Atomic Theory-John Dalton Social Sciences-scientific study of human behavior

Growth in Population • By 1900 advances in science and medicine were showing results • By 1900 most people could expect to live to the age of 50. • Europe’s population almost doubled.

Population and Transportation • Population grew and people became more mobile • Railroads • Steamships • Transportation led to emigration and immigration.

Immigration • Immigration- coming to settle permanently into a foreign land • Emigration- leaving your home land to settle elsewhere. • Between 1870 and 1900 more than 25 million people left Europe. Most immigrated to the United States

Immigration • Europeans left for different reasons • Escape crowded cities • Find better jobs and living • Escape discrimination and persecution

Population and Growth of Cities • Even though many Europeans immigrated to escape crowded cities they often found overcrowding in their new place of residence. • Urbanization- is the movement of people into cities and the spread of city life. • By 1914 80% of British people lived in cities. • Urbanization also spread to America, Germany, and France • What caused urbanization?

Problems of Urbanization • • • • • •

Growing cities meant growing problems overcrowding Poor building structures with fire a constant danger Factories create pollution-dirty smoky air. crime sanitation

• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=068022283058-4FA3-A257-7459065FFD1D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Problems in Cities Reformed • Many of the problems listed will be improved through government reforms • Think of how you made your city plans • Cities now implemented building codes, fire and police forces, regular sanitation pick up, better town planning, and places for entertainment such as parks and libraries.