Late 1800`s - Early 1900`s - Jamestown School District

Late 1800’s - Early 1900’s

Immigration Why would anyone want to come here?

Immigration: why did people come to America? 

Many immigrants were small farmers, and farm workers. – These farmers couldn’t support their families – They moved to America in search of jobs or any way to support their family.

Countries push out many. 

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In Russia: if anyone criticized the government they faced jail or exile (getting kicked out of the country) Russian government supported Pogroms, or organized massacres of the Jews. The potato famine swept through Ireland. Many families came to America to avoid starvation.

The draw of America  

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The thought of freedom drew many to the U.S. Many people would send back stories of finding riches in the United States. “The Streets Are Lined With Gold” Jobs also drew people to the U.S. Industry jobs were prevelent. Factory owners sent agents to Europe and Asia to hire workers at low wages.

Ellis Island  

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This was the final hurdle. All had to pass an inspection before they could enter the U.S. http://teacher.schol astic.com/activities /immigration/tour/s top8.htm

The voyage  

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The trip to the U.S. was horrific Ship owners jammed up to 2,000 people in airless rooms below deck.(cattle) Diseases spread rapidly Seasickness was prevelent For most Europeans, the voyage ended in New York where they saw the statue of liberty.

Immigration

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Opposition to Immigration 

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Nativists come back: favored native born americans over immigrants Labor unions opposed immigration because of fear immigrants would take lower paying jobs. Violent riots in cities organized by unions Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 banned Chinese immigrants for 10 years Immigration Restriction League: tried to pass a law requiring literacy of all immigrants

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Progressives

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Sought to solve problems created by industrial and urban growth Many were part of a growing middle class (had time and money) Looked to solve social problems and injustices.

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Muckrakers

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Journalists who wrote or photographed problems in society Wanted to “stir the muck” so people noticed it

Muckrakers 

Jacob Riis

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Took pictures of tenements broken down apartment buildings How the Other Half Lives Focused on poor families living conditions

Jacob Riis’ Photographs from How the Other Half Lives

Changes to cities 

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Settlement houses: neighborhood centers in poor areas. Offered schooling and rec centers Addams Hull House: located in poorest section of Chicago. Started first Kindergarten and public playground in Chicago. Staffed by professional. Served as model for settlement houses throughout the country

Muckrakers 

Lewis Hine

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Took photographs of child labor

Lewis Hine's Photographs of Workers and Immigrants

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Triangle Shirtwaist Company 

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These problems come to the national spotlight here at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NYC It is here that they made the fabric and for many clothing items

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Every day women like the ones in this photo went to work for 10 - 12 hours a day.

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When they got to their work room a manager locked the door behind them. The door would only be open at lunch and at leaving times

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One of the rooms in this building caught on fire. The cloth items withing this building caught on fire and spread quickly Many women had no choice.

 Many women decided to jump instead of attempting to escape the fire.

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The people and the media decided to do something about this. Photos like this enraged people all over the U.S. What would you do?

Unions 

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To improve working conditions workers formed labor unions. Knights of Labor: secret society, included all workers: skilled and unskilled. – Fought for eight hour workday, equal pay for men and women, end child labor – Used strikes and

Unions cont. 

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American Federation of Labor: Only skilled workers aloud (harder to fire) – Worked for shorter hours higher wages – Samuel Gompers was founding member.

Homestead and Pullman Strikes 

Homestead: Carnegie steel refused to deal with unions and only individuals caused a strike. Locked out unions from factories. – Private inv., gunfire deaths due to strike.

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Pullman: RR workers docked pay. Nation wide strike. Fed gov’t sides with RR owners and forces workers back

Muckrakers 

Upton Sinclair

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Wrote a novel called The Jungle Exposed what conditions were like in meat packing industry Grossed people out

Muckrakers 

Ida Tarbell

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Wrote articles attacking Rockfeller’s Standard Oil Company Complained of ruthless business tactics

“Very often people who admit facts, who are willing to see that Mr. Rockefeller has employed force and fraud to secure his ends, justify him by declaring, ‘it’s business’. That is, ‘it’s business’ has come to be a legitimate excuse for hard dealing, sly tricks, and special privileges.” - Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company

Corrupt City officials 

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Political Machines: used legal and illegal methods to get people elected. – Bribe voters, pay vote counters Tammany Hall, political machine ran NYC Bosses traded favors for votes. City jobs, neighborhood improvements. William Tweed stole 200 million from NYC Civil Service Commission works to fix this by forcing government employees to take an exam for jobs

Progressive Presidents  

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Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal: The interests of businesspeople, workers and consumers should be balanced. Known as the trust buster. Made it a top priority to get rid of bad trusts. Wanted to encourage competition Also fought for conservation of natural resources.

William Howard Taft 

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Worked to protect businesses. Raised taxes to protect trusts. Sold public lands to businesses. Got stuck in presidential bath tub.

Woodrow Wilson 

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Won because Roosevelt ran against Taft and split the party Lowered taxes, pushed for the Clayton AntiTrust Act. Made The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission stronger.

Legislation to fix problems 

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Meat inspection Act: Forced meat packing plants to open doors to inspectors Pure Food and Drug Act: put ingredients on food and medicines 16th Amendment: Income Tax 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators 18th Prohibition of Sale of alcohol 19th: Women’s right to vote

Legislation Continued 

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Initiative: allows voters to propose a new law by getting signatures on a petition. Voted on in next election Referendum: allows voters to approve or disapprove a law that has already been proposed by state or local gov’ts. Recall: Voters can demand a special vote to remove an elected official.

Labor Reform 

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Most Child labor reform failed during Progressive Era – 2 laws passed deemed unconstitutional by Sup court – Many groups formed to stop child labor 1898 Supreme Court ruled that States could limit the hours of workers in dangerous jobs. Muller v. Oregon: Sup Court upheld laws limiting the hours of women in workforce. Big win for Progressives.

Women’s Suffrage  

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Gaining the Women’s right to vote. Starts with the Temperance movement: banning the sale of alcohol Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucrecia Mott. Formed the National Women’s Party (NWP) 19th Amendment: gave women right to vote.

African Americans in the Progressive Era 

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Booker T. Washington encouraged African Americans to improve their own situation instead of fighting segregation. Founded Tuskegee Institute for African Americans. W.E.B Dubois: disagreed with Washington. Said to fight discrimination head on. Founded the NAACP.