Lecture 3

January 6, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Political Science, International Relations
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Lecture 3: The early development of the European Union - 1952-1985.

Prof. Andreas Bieler

Structure of the lecture: 

I. Post-war international developments;



II. Post-war domestic developments;



III. First steps of European integration;



IV. 1966 to 1985: The “dark ages” of integration?

I. Post-war international developments: 1.

1947 Marshall plan for the reconstruction of European economies;

2.

1948 Council of Europe;

3.

1949 Establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation;

II. Post-war domestic developments: 1.

France;

2.

Germany;

3.

Britain;

III. First steps of European integration: 1.

1952 European Coal and Steel Community;

2.

1954 European Defence Community;

3.

1957/58 European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community;

4. Neo-functionalist explanation of European integration: 

start of European integration in 1952 was the result of the common recognition that co-operation in the reconstruction of national industries would yield higher welfare gains;



move to EEC and Euratom in 1957/58 as a case of functional spill-over;



completion of Customs Union in 1968 ahead of schedule as an instance of political spill-over;

5. The empty chair crisis in 1965/66: 

De Gaulle’s vision for the EU: a union of independent states;



Commission package deal in 1965 including own resources for the EU;



Luxembourg compromise: establishment of the right to a national veto;

6. Intergovernmentalist explanation: 

start of European integration in 1952 was due to a convergence of state’s interest on economic co-operation, an area of ‘low politics’;



this was possible, since the bipolar structure of the Cold War made military competition between Western European countries impossible;



1954 EDC failed, since states are not prepared to integrate in an area of ‘high politics’;



halt of integration in 1965/66 due to missing convergence of national interests;

IV. 1966 to 1985: The ‘dark ages’ of integration? 1.

the question of British EU membership;

2.

several rounds of enlargement after Pompidou became the new French President;

3.

October 1970 – establishment of European Political Cooperation;

4.

1974 – institutionalisation of regular European Council meetings;

1966 to 1985: The ‘dark ages’ of integration? 5. 1979 – first direct elections to the European Parliament; 6. 1979 – launch of the European Monetary System; 7. Intergovernmentalist explanation: intensification of co-operation, but no further step of integration, i.e. the pooling or transfer of sovereignty;

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